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As a result, the quality of city life decreases, serious health issues emerge, amphibians go extinct, and finally, critical tipping points and collapsing ecosystems become tangible realities.",[],{"_key":591,"_type":8,"children":592,"markDefs":597,"style":24},"430c5b149c5a",[593],{"_key":594,"_type":12,"marks":595,"text":596},"d896620452b3",[],"To avoid such urban doomsday scenarios, it is time to learn and think about future urban worlds from the wet, fluid and muddy again. New ways of designing urban porosity and permeability are urgently needed. The first issue of Shared Habitats reimagines the city as a place of amphibious living. It seeks to understand the needs and living conditions of various forms of life such as frogs, toads and salamanders, at the margins of the wet and dry. 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The widespread use of the term in biology can be traced back to naturalist Carl von Linné, who—in his 1753 work ",{"_key":946,"_type":12,"marks":947,"text":948},"37f4cedc3b8a",[869],"Species Plantarum",{"_key":950,"_type":12,"marks":951,"text":952},"99c14165fbfe",[],"—started the description of each species with the Latin words “habitat in…”, which translates as “lives in…”.",[954,956],{"_key":930,"_type":90,"blank":129,"href":955,"linkType":92,"title":955},"https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jwmg.21121",{"_key":939,"_type":90,"blank":129,"href":957,"linkType":92,"title":957},"https://sciencenotes.org/habitat-definition-types-and-examples/",{"_type":186,"current":959},"habitat",{"_id":961,"content":962,"relatedArticles":174,"slug":1007,"title":1009},"e6fc9fc2-80a9-49bd-b876-6fd8ee85f9ba",[963,993],{"_key":964,"_type":8,"children":965,"markDefs":988,"style":24},"dbbcd9664e2d",[966,970,975,979,984],{"_key":967,"_type":12,"marks":968,"text":969},"d67b8a0f5bb5",[],"Pondscape, short for pond landscape, refers to a network of ponds, which are restored or created to enhance ecosystems and societal ",{"_key":971,"_type":12,"marks":972,"text":974},"42167e486fd1",[973],"341dab907271","resilience",{"_key":976,"_type":12,"marks":977,"text":978},"90bcf821d30e",[],". Pondscapes act as networks of habitats that provide protection for endangered species such as amphibians, but also numerous ecosystem services such as water purification, climate regulation, and the promotion of biodiversity. Pondscaping is a ",{"_key":980,"_type":12,"marks":981,"text":983},"fd03f3969146",[982],"cc79613d0157","valuable measure",{"_key":985,"_type":12,"marks":986,"text":987},"077bd0c5c02f",[]," since ponds are one of the most species-rich freshwater habitats—yet in Europe alone between 50% and 90% of ponds have been lost due to agricultural production, urbanization and pollution.\n",[989,991],{"_key":973,"_type":90,"blank":129,"href":990,"linkType":92,"title":990},"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301479724009782",{"_key":982,"_type":90,"blank":129,"href":992,"linkType":92,"title":992},"https://www.ecologic.eu/19878",{"_key":994,"_type":8,"children":995,"markDefs":1004,"style":24},"f557f64a061a",[996,999],{"_key":967,"_type":12,"marks":997,"text":998},[],"Appears in:\n",{"_key":1000,"_type":12,"marks":1001,"text":1003},"fe870f6a0dce",[1002],"8418e4b8f1ad","Embracing the Amphibious Urban",[1005],{"_key":1002,"_type":90,"blank":129,"href":1006,"linkType":92,"title":1006},"https://sharedhabitats.ch/amphibious-living/embracing-the-amphibious-urban#headline-c2afe3d31487",{"_type":186,"current":1008},"pondscape","Pondscape ",{"_id":1011,"content":1012,"relatedArticles":174,"slug":1067,"title":1069},"d2500424-a36b-40f1-973a-0ded6a2ca644",[1013,1043],{"_key":1014,"_type":8,"children":1015,"markDefs":1038,"style":24},"18b264000224",[1016,1020,1025,1029,1034],{"_key":1017,"_type":12,"marks":1018,"text":1019},"62e160724d84",[],"Sponge city is an urban ",{"_key":1021,"_type":12,"marks":1022,"text":1024},"80c137070d75",[1023],"566915a4b4d0","planning model",{"_key":1026,"_type":12,"marks":1027,"text":1028},"fe5fae74667c",[]," that utilizes natural drainage systems and green-blue infrastructures to reduce the likelihood of flooding, water shortages, and the urban heat island effect. Design strategies include, for instance, the creation of parks, gardens, wetlands, nature strips, and permeable paving, which mitigate floods by serving as reservoirs that slow down, capture, retain and absorb excess stormwater. The ",{"_key":1030,"_type":12,"marks":1031,"text":1033},"a82b09d3b037",[1032],"4b93cfc74ee7","various aspects",{"_key":1035,"_type":12,"marks":1036,"text":1037},"00b645e04416",[]," of a sponge city will improve ecological biodiversity for urban wildlife and . The concept has been inspired by ancient ways of adapting to climate challenges, particularly in the monsoon regions in southeastern China, which are prone to flash floods.",[1039,1041],{"_key":1023,"_type":90,"blank":129,"href":1040,"linkType":92,"title":1040},"https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/%E2%80%9CSPONGE-CITY%E2%80%9D%3A-THEORY-AND-PRACTICE-Yu/9017aabea38610909b18c93b199a53c6a4788598",{"_key":1032,"_type":90,"blank":129,"href":1042,"linkType":92,"title":1042},"https://www.arup.com/insights/sponginess-and-why-it-matters/",{"_key":1044,"_type":8,"children":1045,"markDefs":1062,"style":24},"a71671aa68e5",[1046,1049,1053,1057],{"_key":1047,"_type":12,"marks":1048,"text":998},"28a42ee6ebff",[],{"_key":1050,"_type":12,"marks":1051,"text":1003},"dfcb4198202a",[1052],"430523d78239",{"_key":1054,"_type":12,"marks":1055,"text":1056},"970bb486d45a",[],"\n",{"_key":1058,"_type":12,"marks":1059,"text":1061},"d7bea143d253",[1060],"6e49f732ffb5","Perspektiven geteilter Lebensräume",[1063,1065],{"_key":1052,"_type":90,"blank":129,"href":1064,"linkType":92,"title":1064},"https://sharedhabitats.ch/amphibious-living/embracing-the-amphibious-urban#headline-f4b3a5e5d624",{"_key":1060,"_type":90,"blank":129,"href":1066,"linkType":92,"title":1066},"https://sharedhabitats.ch/amphibious-living/perspektiven-geteilter-lebensraeume",{"_type":186,"current":1068},"sponge-city","Sponge City ",{"_createdAt":1071,"_id":425,"_rev":1072,"_system":1073,"_type":426,"_updatedAt":1076,"articleLinks":174,"authors":1077,"category":1094,"citation":1096,"content":1124,"intro":1782,"language":1791,"relatedArticles":174,"remarks":1792,"shortSlug":1800,"slug":1801,"title":508,"titleImage":1802,"titleImageArray":1843,"titleStyle":1208,"titleWithLinebreaks":1848},"2024-02-18T18:13:56Z","6Zf13VwfwjtqvPn4QU2uDy",{"base":1074},{"id":425,"rev":1075},"6Zf13VwfwjtqvPn4QU240s","2026-06-11T09:11:46Z",[1078],{"about":1079,"firstName":459,"lastName":460,"slug":1092},[1080],{"_key":1081,"_type":8,"children":1082,"markDefs":1091,"style":24},"000910de8508",[1083,1087],{"_key":1084,"_type":12,"marks":1085,"text":1086},"e02d138e02860",[],"Beatrix Langner, 1950 geboren, ist promovierte Germanistin, Autorin und Literaturkritikerin und lebt in Berlin. Seit 1990 zahlreiche Rundfunk-Features und Kulturreportagen für DeutschlandRadio Berlin sowie Feuilletons und Kritiken für Süddeutsche Zeitung, Neue Zürcher Zeitung, Deutschlandfunk Köln u.a. Sie veröffentlichte eine Biografie über Jean Paul (C. H. Beck), für die sie 2013 den Gleim-Literaturpreis erhielt, und ist Mitglied des PEN-Zentrums Deutschland",{"_key":1088,"_type":12,"marks":1089,"text":1090},"e02d138e02861",[869],".",[],{"_type":186,"current":1093},"beatrix-langner",{"slug":1095,"title":188},{"_type":186,"current":187},[1097,1105,1112],{"_key":1098,"_type":8,"children":1099,"markDefs":1104,"style":24},"9ad226dae80c",[1100],{"_key":1101,"_type":12,"marks":1102,"text":1103},"988eb66a2161",[],"Titelbild: Frog Hunting, print, 1790. © Wikicommons, Thomas Rowlandson.",[],{"_key":1106,"_type":8,"children":1107,"markDefs":1111,"style":24},"5d4efdad05ed",[1108],{"_key":1101,"_type":12,"marks":1109,"text":1110},[],"Dieser Text ist ein Auszug aus dem Buch ‹Kröten› von Beatrix Langner und Judith Schalansky (Hg.), erschienen bei Mattes & Seitz Berlin im Jahr 2018. Die abgebildeten Texte entstammen den Kapiteln ‹Warten auf Bufo›, ‹Die ungeliebten Hausgenossen› und ‹Waldbodenstillleben›.",[],{"_key":1113,"_type":8,"children":1114,"markDefs":1123,"style":24},"7e4639a7253e",[1115,1119],{"_key":1116,"_type":12,"marks":1117,"text":1118},"5315df26701e",[],"Zitiervorschlag: Langner, B. (2026). Kröten: Eine kleine Kulturgeschichte. ",{"_key":1120,"_type":12,"marks":1121,"text":1122},"ae12e083159e",[869],"Shared Habitats, 1 (Amphibious Living).",[],[1125,1135,1144,1153,1210,1219,1228,1237,1246,1255,1306,1315,1344,1353,1362,1411,1420,1429,1477,1486,1495,1504,1513,1568,1577,1586,1595,1621,1630,1639,1648,1699,1708,1717,1764,1773],{"_key":1126,"_type":8,"children":1127,"glossarDefs":1132,"id":1126,"markDefs":1133,"style":1134},"2cb80cbc3b0d",[1128],{"_key":1129,"_type":12,"marks":1130,"text":1131},"6eb3e2f836f20",[],"Warten auf Bufo",[],[],"h2",{"_key":1136,"_type":8,"children":1137,"containsGlossar":128,"glossarDefs":1142,"markDefs":1143,"style":24},"55b0687d3ce9",[1138],{"_key":1139,"_type":12,"marks":1140,"text":1141},"05f41fc41f96",[],"Die Natur schläft. Von den Dorfhäusern rutschen Schneetücher in samtigen Falten über die Traufen. Unten am Fluss raschelt und knistert das Eis wie Seidenpapier. Glasiger Schorf bedeckt die Uferzonen um die gedrungenen Weiden. Aber tief unter Schnee und Eis atmet es, sacht und leise, durch tausend winzige Kehlen. An den Rändern des Röhrichts haben sich Frösche und Unken in den sumpfigen Uferschlamm gegraben. Mäuse und Igel liegen zusammengerollt unter Laub und Brennholzstapeln in tiefem Schlummer. Käfer, Wespen, Schmetterlinge kauern reglos in Mauerfugen und Moospolstern. Vierzig Etagen unter der gefrorenen Humusschicht, gemessen an ihrer Körpergrösse, suchen Ameisen Zuflucht vor der tödlichen Kälte. In den Gärten am Graben, der sich als graue Eisader durch das Dorf schlängelt, überwintern Erdkröten in ihren unterirdischen Schlafkammern, die durch senkrechte Gänge miteinander verbunden sind. Erst wenn die Nachttemperaturen wieder über fünf, sechs Grad klettern, machen sie sich auf den Weg ins Freie, um im Frühling für eine gut gefüllte Kinderstube zu sorgen.",[],[],{"_key":1145,"_type":8,"children":1146,"containsGlossar":128,"glossarDefs":1151,"markDefs":1152,"style":24},"96e0d1bf5994",[1147],{"_key":1148,"_type":12,"marks":1149,"text":1150},"29cb584c2e4e0",[],"Im Leben einer mitteleuropäischen Erdkröte (Bufo bufo) sind die ersten Wochen im März und April die gefährlichsten. Im Winter hat sie keine Nahrung aufnehmen können; mit den ersten warmen Sonnenstrahlen sammelt sie ihre Kräfte und steigt auf demselben Weg, den sie sich im Spätherbst rückwärts gegraben hat, blinzelnd ans Frühlingslicht. Das ist der günstigste Moment für das Männchen, um ein Weibchen zu ergattern und sich auf ihrem Rücken bequem zum Wasser tragen zu lassen. Der Hochzeitsmarsch beginnt. Wie auf Verabredung treffen alle zur selben Zeit am Graben ein und stürzen sich ins Nasse. Einige Tage später marschieren sie zurück, graben sich wieder ein und schlummern noch ein bisschen, bis es warm genug ist, um auf die Jagd zu gehen. Der Nachwuchs bleibt inzwischen sich selbst überlassen. An meterlangen Schnüren aufgereiht, schweben die bräunlichen Eiperlen im seichten Wasser. Nach zwei bis vier Wochen schlüpfen aus der glibberigen Membran Hunderte winziger Larven, hierzulande Kaulquappen genannt, deren fischartige, fast durchsichtige Körperchen in den kommenden Wochen vier regelmässige Gliedmassen ausbilden, innere Kiemen, Kopfflossen und Schwanz verlieren, mit Lungen zu atmen anfangen und als fertig ausgebildete Jungkröten im Juni an Land klettern.",[],[],{"_key":1154,"_type":1155,"caption":1156,"captionPosition":1165,"imagePrint":174,"imageWeb":1166,"markDefs":174,"pdfLayout":1208,"pdfRotate":128,"counter":1209},"af4add40a363","pictureBlockArticle",[1157],{"_key":1158,"_type":8,"children":1159,"markDefs":1164,"style":24},"879efeed203c",[1160],{"_key":1161,"_type":12,"marks":1162,"text":1163},"87d46bf441c70",[],"In der Republik der Batrachier: Teichfrosch und Laubfrosch. La Grenouille.\nQuelle: La Grenouille, la Raine-Verte, le Crapaud. Georges Cuvier: Histoire naturelle de Lacépède, Paris 1876–81.",[],"left",{"_type":212,"asset":1167},{"_createdAt":1168,"_id":1169,"_rev":1170,"_type":117,"_updatedAt":1171,"assetId":1172,"extension":119,"metadata":1173,"mimeType":156,"originalFilename":1203,"path":1204,"sha1hash":1172,"size":1205,"uploadId":1206,"url":1207},"2026-04-30T13:29:39Z","image-55310f2f0679fb2ce2bad158835c1a5be84a03b5-1494x1313-jpg","gtUcc5GAbVP6IlcjzIErM8","2026-04-30T13:29:40Z","55310f2f0679fb2ce2bad158835c1a5be84a03b5",{"_type":121,"blurHash":1174,"dimensions":1175,"exif":1179,"hasAlpha":128,"isOpaque":129,"lqip":1182,"palette":1183},"eJPZV?$~~qV@x]IAWB%MRPWD-=t7M{RjRj~qRiD*off5~qRjD*tRae",{"_type":124,"aspectRatio":1176,"height":1177,"width":1178},1.1378522467631378,1313,1494,{"ColorSpace":1180,"PixelXDimension":1178,"PixelYDimension":1177,"_type":1181},65535,"sanity.imageExifMetadata","data:image/jpeg;base64,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",{"_type":132,"darkMuted":1184,"darkVibrant":1187,"dominant":1190,"lightMuted":1193,"lightVibrant":1194,"muted":1197,"vibrant":1200},{"_type":134,"background":1185,"foreground":136,"population":1186,"title":136},"#49412e",1.09,{"_type":134,"background":1188,"foreground":136,"population":1189,"title":136},"#5e4218",0.34,{"_type":134,"background":1191,"foreground":146,"population":1192,"title":136},"#cdc4ac",3.63,{"_type":134,"background":1191,"foreground":146,"population":1192,"title":136},{"_type":134,"background":1195,"foreground":146,"population":1196,"title":136},"#e0c08c",0.28,{"_type":134,"background":1198,"foreground":136,"population":1199,"title":136},"#a48357",1.39,{"_type":134,"background":1201,"foreground":146,"population":1202,"title":136},"#c0925e",0.23,"Bild_10_b_web.jpg","images/b1bmokl0/setv03/55310f2f0679fb2ce2bad158835c1a5be84a03b5-1494x1313.jpg",1622527,"BUQ5iZtvDdlveevRsmgaDpVyGgNvzqcZ","https://cdn.sanity.io/images/b1bmokl0/setv03/55310f2f0679fb2ce2bad158835c1a5be84a03b5-1494x1313.jpg","default",1,{"_key":1211,"_type":8,"children":1212,"containsGlossar":128,"glossarDefs":1217,"markDefs":1218,"style":24},"56e341416158",[1213],{"_key":1214,"_type":12,"marks":1215,"text":1216},"1d60138cdfc0",[],"Zugegeben, es gibt anziehendere Tiere. Ihre Haut ist schwarzbraun bis olivgrün, der flache Kopf mit der fliehenden Stirn sitzt halslos auf einem breiten, von unregelmässigen Flecken und Warzen gezeichneten Körper. Vorder- und Hinterbeine sind überlang und muskulös, mit grossen vierzehigen Händen und fünfzehigen Füssen. Sie sind Bewohner zweier Welten, Amphiba, das heisst Doppellebige, Geschöpfe des Zwielichts, Geschwister der Dämmerung. Seit 300 Millionen Jahren tickt ihre innere Uhr verlässlich im Takt der Erde. ",[],[],{"_key":1220,"_type":8,"children":1221,"containsGlossar":128,"glossarDefs":1226,"markDefs":1227,"style":24},"dff2afbbdf5f",[1222],{"_key":1223,"_type":12,"marks":1224,"text":1225},"66ecf1e31279",[],"Ihr Lebenselement ist der Grenzsaum zwischen dem Trockenen und dem Feuchten, Hellen und Dunklen, Wasser und Land. Kröten sind Überlebenskünstler, Meisterwerke der Evolution – als habe sich Frau Natur beim Herumprobieren, welche Ausstattung wohl die beste für diesen nackten, wüst und leer im schwarzen Weltraum trudelnden Felsbrocken sein könnte, vorgenommen: Baue ein lebendiges Wesen, das symmetrisch um zwei Achsen angelegt ist, das schwimmen kann wie ein Fisch, klettern wie ein Eichhörnchen, rennen wie eine Echse, fliegen wie ein Vogel, gefrässig ist wie ein Schwein, genügsam wie ein Kamel, gefährlich wie eine Schlange, friedfertig wie ein Maulwurf, das eine kräftige Stimme, empfindliche Ohren und scharfe Augen hat und in kühlen Bergbächen ebenso gut zurechtkommt wie in kahlen Gebirgen und heissen Sandsteppen. Weil es aber nie gelingen würde, alle diese Eigenschaften in einer einzigen Art zu vereinen, änderte sie wohl den Bauplan. Das Ergebnis war immer noch höchst erstaunlich: ein Kollektivgeschöpf aus Abermillionen Einzelwesen, von ähnlicher Bauart und Gestalt, doch jedes individuell verschieden: das mächtige, uralte Volk der Batrachier oder Froschlurche.",[],[],{"_key":1229,"_type":8,"children":1230,"glossarDefs":1235,"id":1229,"markDefs":1236,"style":16},"f727fb1baa71",[1231],{"_key":1232,"_type":12,"marks":1233,"text":1234},"61362e7f0871",[],"Das Kulturtier",[],[],{"_key":1238,"_type":8,"children":1239,"containsGlossar":128,"glossarDefs":1244,"markDefs":1245,"style":24},"8a394f9275ea",[1240],{"_key":1241,"_type":12,"marks":1242,"text":1243},"9425ed2147b3",[],"Die alten Frauen im Dorf erzählen davon, dass früher, als es noch keine zentralen Wasserleitungen gab und jedes Haus seinen eigenen Brunnen hatte, in jedem Keller Kröten überwinterten. Als geduldete Hausgenossen waren sie und ihre nächsten Verwandten, die Frösche, Unken und Krötenfrösche, zu Abertausenden in feuchten, dunklen Erdkellern, in Felsspalten und Höhlen, an Brunnen, Dorfteichen und Viehtränken, in den Ritzen der Feldsteinfundamente, in den Sakristeien der Kirchen, in Kolumbarien und Nekropolen zu finden. Von Skandinavien bis zu den spanischen Balearen, vom Ural bis zum Atlantik bevölkerten sie einmal ganz Europa. Als Krott/crota waren sie vom Hunsrück bis hinunter zu den österreichischen Alpen und nach Südtirol bekannt, als Höppin in Bayern, als Pädde am Niederrhein, als Tooschkrott, Muggel und Hutsche oder als Padde in Holland. ",[],[],{"_key":1247,"_type":8,"children":1248,"containsGlossar":128,"glossarDefs":1253,"markDefs":1254,"style":24},"55fe5233574e",[1249],{"_key":1250,"_type":12,"marks":1251,"text":1252},"f1ac192994ce",[],"Giftige Pilze heissen im Niederländischen und Englischen noch immer ‹Krötenstuhl›: toadstool bzw. paddestoel. Mit Ausnahme von Australien und Neuseeland, einigen pazifischen Inselgruppen und den Polarkreisen haben sie sich im Erdmittelalter über die ganze Erde verbreitet. Heket, die froschköpfige Göttin der Fruchtbarkeit und der Geburt, wurde vor etwa fünftausend Jahren in Ägypten angebetet. Sie war die Trägerin des Welt-Ei und Mutter der (ägyptischen) Menschheit. Ihre Hieroglyphe stellte einen sitzenden Frosch dar; eine Kaulquappe war das Zeichen für die Zahl 100 000.",[],[],{"_key":1256,"_type":1155,"caption":1257,"captionPosition":1165,"imagePrint":174,"imageWeb":1266,"markDefs":174,"pdfLayout":1208,"pdfRotate":128,"counter":1305},"cd92583f7e09",[1258],{"_key":1259,"_type":8,"children":1260,"markDefs":1265,"style":24},"5101ac3284e9",[1261],{"_key":1262,"_type":12,"marks":1263,"text":1264},"fce89899c83b0",[],"Das Kappa ist der Held vieler Japanischer Volksmärchen, ein gutmütiger Wasserdämon, Mischwesen zwischen Mensch und Frosch. © Tsukioka Yoshitoshi (1881)",[],{"_type":212,"asset":1267},{"_createdAt":1268,"_id":1269,"_rev":1270,"_type":117,"_updatedAt":1268,"assetId":1271,"extension":119,"metadata":1272,"mimeType":156,"originalFilename":1300,"path":1301,"sha1hash":1271,"size":1302,"uploadId":1303,"url":1304},"2026-04-30T13:29:47Z","image-3b1c362bc3e9d45ee1cdc752d95615fbb6c39a8b-2430x1830-jpg","vbhMDt05Etis9edbmINvEx","3b1c362bc3e9d45ee1cdc752d95615fbb6c39a8b",{"_type":121,"blurHash":1273,"dimensions":1274,"exif":1278,"hasAlpha":128,"isOpaque":129,"lqip":1279,"palette":1280},"VPK-wK-o^ko{-:}?NGVZtkIVtSOXRP%MRk^jn~IVaMog",{"_type":124,"aspectRatio":1275,"height":1276,"width":1277},1.3278688524590163,1830,2430,{"ColorSpace":1180,"PixelXDimension":1277,"PixelYDimension":1276,"_type":1181},"data:image/jpeg;base64,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",{"_type":132,"darkMuted":1281,"darkVibrant":1284,"dominant":1287,"lightMuted":1290,"lightVibrant":1293,"muted":1296,"vibrant":1297},{"_type":134,"background":1282,"foreground":136,"population":1283,"title":136},"#4f5c33",0.06,{"_type":134,"background":1285,"foreground":136,"population":1286,"title":136},"#2a6367",0.15,{"_type":134,"background":1288,"foreground":136,"population":1289,"title":136},"#749a8e",6.82,{"_type":134,"background":1291,"foreground":146,"population":1292,"title":136},"#c8bba2",6.01,{"_type":134,"background":1294,"foreground":146,"population":1295,"title":146},"#f5efc9",5.81,{"_type":134,"background":1288,"foreground":136,"population":1289,"title":136},{"_type":134,"background":1298,"foreground":136,"population":1299,"title":136},"#93334d",6.49,"Bild_12_web.jpg","images/b1bmokl0/setv03/3b1c362bc3e9d45ee1cdc752d95615fbb6c39a8b-2430x1830.jpg",1419086,"Du9u5hffK2LGb4bt8O2Y36Wda3hiEulz","https://cdn.sanity.io/images/b1bmokl0/setv03/3b1c362bc3e9d45ee1cdc752d95615fbb6c39a8b-2430x1830.jpg",2,{"_key":1307,"_type":8,"children":1308,"containsGlossar":128,"glossarDefs":1313,"markDefs":1314,"style":24},"f306257ec9ae",[1309],{"_key":1310,"_type":12,"marks":1311,"text":1312},"bc8cf8552459",[],"Ein anderes Beispiel: Wer Kappa-maki mag, Sushi-Röllchen mit Gurke, kennt vielleicht das Kappa, ein Fabelwesen des Shintoismus, das es in Japan zur Gottähnlichkeit gebracht hat. Er ist der Held vieler Volksmärchen, ein gutmütiger Wasserdämon, Mischwesen zwischen Mensch und Frosch, mancherorts tritt er auch als geschuppte Schimäre aus Mensch und Affe auf, die aufrecht geht, spricht und zu Lande Gemüse stiehlt oder an Flussufern Tiere in die Tiefe hinabzieht. ",[],[],{"_key":1316,"_type":8,"children":1317,"containsGlossar":128,"glossarDefs":1331,"markDefs":1332,"style":24},"1a35e11977a8",[1318,1322,1327],{"_key":1319,"_type":12,"marks":1320,"text":1321},"9f12ee577ee1",[],"Man kann das Wesen leicht mit Sesam, Ingwer, Spucke und Eisen vertreiben; es mag auch bestimmte Kürbisarten nicht. Unzählige Geschichten gibt es in Japan über seine Boshaftigkeit, seine Kraft, mit der es Sumokämpfern Mut macht. Illustrationen und Mangas zeigen es in ganz unterschiedlichen Gestalten. Besonders aufschlussreich ist der märchenhafte Bezug auf das Shirikodama, ein geheimnisvolles Organ, das sich im Körperinnern hinter dem Anus befinden soll. Bei fossilen ",{"_key":1323,"_type":12,"id":1323,"marks":1324,"text":1326},"e6fec4c6dd53",[1325],"37935fbf3ccf","Amphibien",{"_key":1328,"_type":12,"marks":1329,"text":1330},"5f68f4ef806c",[]," sitzt an dieser Stelle die einflügelige Lunge. Lunge und Leber sind also die Organe, die durch das Kappa Schaden nehmen können. Vergiftetes Wasser als Ursache zahlreicher epidemischer Krankheiten und die Tatsache, dass die menschlichen Lungen nicht zum Leben im Wasser geeignet sind, wurden so schon ganz kleinen Kindern einleuchtend erklärt. Daher war es gefährlich, in ein stehendes Gewässer zu urinieren, weil das Kappa zur Strafe die Leber rauben würde. So sah medizinische Aufklärung im 7. Jahrhundert in Japan aus.",[],[1333],{"_key":1325,"_type":1334,"content":1335,"id":1325},"footnote",[1336],{"_key":1337,"_type":8,"children":1338,"markDefs":1343,"style":24},"9be5a451cc7e",[1339],{"_key":1340,"_type":12,"marks":1341,"text":1342},"26f5f0e2c915",[],"Hier könnten wir eine kurze Erläuterung zu dem Begriff \"fossile Amphibien\" anbringen. Unter Umständen ist die Terminologie nicht allen Leser*innen bekannt.",[],{"_key":1345,"_type":8,"children":1346,"glossarDefs":1351,"id":1345,"markDefs":1352,"style":1134},"7acd40f94130",[1347],{"_key":1348,"_type":12,"marks":1349,"text":1350},"c0adc545e8bd0",[],"Die ungeliebten Hausgenossen",[],[],{"_key":1354,"_type":8,"children":1355,"containsGlossar":128,"glossarDefs":1360,"markDefs":1361,"style":24},"2f2c20eb9901",[1356],{"_key":1357,"_type":12,"marks":1358,"text":1359},"d7dcd986d22b",[],"Die wenigsten Europäer können wahrscheinlich einen Frosch auf den ersten Blick von einer Kröte unterscheiden, noch viel weniger Erdkröten von Wechselkröten, Unken von Geburtshelferkröten, Teichfrösche von Laub- oder Grasfröschen. Immerhin ist es gar nicht so einfach, sich in der zoologischen Nomenklatur zurechtzufinden. Taxonomisch bilden drei Ordnungen die Klasse der Amphibien: Froschlurche (Anura), Schwanzlurche (Caudata) und Schleichenlurche (Gymnophiona). Entscheidend ist die Art der Befruchtung ihrer Eigelege. Bei Froschlurchen vollzieht sie sich überwiegend ausserhalb des Körpers, bei Schwanz- und Schleichenlurchen (Molche, Salamander) im Innern. Vier Überfamilien bilden zusammen die Ordnung der Froschlurche: Kröten, Frösche, Unken und Krötenfrösche.",[],[],{"_key":1363,"_type":1155,"caption":1364,"captionPosition":1165,"imagePrint":174,"imageWeb":1372,"markDefs":174,"pdfLayout":1208,"pdfRotate":128,"counter":1410},"9961daf6f101",[1365],{"_key":1366,"_type":8,"children":1367,"markDefs":1371,"style":24},"6cdc1e6daec4",[1368],{"_key":1369,"_type":12,"marks":1370,"text":1163},"326e4f3293a10",[],[],{"_type":212,"asset":1373},{"_createdAt":1374,"_id":1375,"_rev":1376,"_type":117,"_updatedAt":1374,"assetId":1377,"extension":119,"metadata":1378,"mimeType":156,"originalFilename":1405,"path":1406,"sha1hash":1377,"size":1407,"uploadId":1408,"url":1409},"2026-04-30T13:29:45Z","image-9055c6106cccb5b25e1156799d0e639027fb635a-2500x1872-jpg","gtUcc5GAbVP6IlcjzIEtVU","9055c6106cccb5b25e1156799d0e639027fb635a",{"_type":121,"blurHash":1379,"dimensions":1380,"exif":1384,"hasAlpha":128,"isOpaque":129,"lqip":1385,"palette":1386},"VWLz~Zxa%f-:oM_Na|WEozWA~WozjFM|kC%2aeRkt6of",{"_type":124,"aspectRatio":1381,"height":1382,"width":1383},1.3354700854700854,1872,2500,{"ColorSpace":1209,"PixelXDimension":1383,"PixelYDimension":1382,"_type":1181},"data:image/jpeg;base64,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",{"_type":132,"darkMuted":1387,"darkVibrant":1390,"dominant":1393,"lightMuted":1394,"lightVibrant":1397,"muted":1400,"vibrant":1403},{"_type":134,"background":1388,"foreground":136,"population":1389,"title":136},"#454426",5.98,{"_type":134,"background":1391,"foreground":136,"population":1392,"title":136},"#150f06",1.29,{"_type":134,"background":1388,"foreground":136,"population":1389,"title":136},{"_type":134,"background":1395,"foreground":146,"population":1396,"title":146},"#d4ccb1",2.78,{"_type":134,"background":1398,"foreground":146,"population":1399,"title":146},"#ded1b2",4.46,{"_type":134,"background":1401,"foreground":146,"population":1402,"title":136},"#9f9b6c",5.27,{"_type":134,"background":1404,"foreground":136,"population":154,"title":136},"#c68d38","Bild_03_web.jpg","images/b1bmokl0/setv03/9055c6106cccb5b25e1156799d0e639027fb635a-2500x1872.jpg",1822591,"gSEyJpSwwytvCaG1SfLmn8L7cZDU4lTt","https://cdn.sanity.io/images/b1bmokl0/setv03/9055c6106cccb5b25e1156799d0e639027fb635a-2500x1872.jpg",3,{"_key":1412,"_type":8,"children":1413,"containsGlossar":128,"glossarDefs":1418,"markDefs":1419,"style":24},"22e1d87551ad",[1414],{"_key":1415,"_type":12,"marks":1416,"text":1417},"487770f790380",[],"[Aber] wie sollen wir auch unser Verhältnis zu einem Tier beschreiben, das wir nur noch selten mit eigenen Augen zu sehen bekommen? Selbst Zoologen gelingt es nur mit grosser Geduld, Unken, Kreuzkröten oder Geburtshelferkröten im Freien zu beobachten. Mit den alten Weidelandschaften, Bruchsteinmauern, Erdkellern, Lesesteinhaufen an Ackerrändern, Feuerteichen, Brunnen, Viehtränken und Waldtümpeln haben die meisten europäischen Arten der Amphibien ihren natürlichen Lebensraum schon zum grossen Teil verloren.",[],[],{"_key":1421,"_type":8,"children":1422,"containsGlossar":128,"glossarDefs":1427,"markDefs":1428,"style":24},"70ea7f3a137d",[1423],{"_key":1424,"_type":12,"marks":1425,"text":1426},"3a1e0cb0afbb0",[],"[Allerdings tragen nicht nur die schwindenden Lebensräume Schuld an dieser Unsichtbarkeit:] Denn kaum eine andere Tierfamilie ist gehässiger verfolgt und grausamer zugerichtet worden als die Froschlurche. Von Bauern mit ‹Froschschneppern› gejagt, von Alchemisten verätzt, gekocht, verbrannt, zu ‹Froschpulver› zerrieben, von Naturforschern auf das Streckbrett genagelt und mit Stromstössen traktiert, von Ärzten als kühlende Pflaster auf Brust und Bauch ihrer Patientinnen gebunden, als lebendes Zellmaterial für Schwangerschaftstests missbraucht, mit ausgestochenen Augen und ausgerissenen Schenkeln gedörrt und lebendigen Leibes ausgeweidet zieht ihre Leidensprozession durch die Jahrhunderte.",[],[],{"_key":1430,"_type":1155,"caption":1431,"captionPosition":1165,"imagePrint":174,"imageWeb":1440,"markDefs":174,"pdfLayout":1208,"pdfRotate":128,"counter":1476},"90ede161ae9d",[1432],{"_key":1433,"_type":8,"children":1434,"markDefs":1439,"style":24},"7973eca4faaa",[1435],{"_key":1436,"_type":12,"marks":1437,"text":1438},"97a09f34a63f0",[],"Teichfrösche vor (unten) und nach ihrer Begegnung mit Rösel von Rosenhof (oben). Quelle: Rösel von Rosenhof, Historia Naturalis Ranarum, Nürnberg 1758.",[],{"_type":212,"asset":1441},{"_createdAt":1442,"_id":1443,"_rev":1444,"_type":117,"_updatedAt":1268,"assetId":1445,"extension":119,"metadata":1446,"mimeType":156,"originalFilename":1471,"path":1472,"sha1hash":1445,"size":1473,"uploadId":1474,"url":1475},"2026-04-30T13:29:46Z","image-0e4869ea3d6bbc5a62952db8daf660a7d4aff3a3-1517x1124-jpg","o0tNkHWVtuS3hBnA38zId2","0e4869ea3d6bbc5a62952db8daf660a7d4aff3a3",{"_type":121,"blurHash":1447,"dimensions":1448,"exif":1452,"hasAlpha":128,"isOpaque":129,"lqip":1453,"palette":1454},"VEQS#N%L~pxu9F%Mofayj[t7%Mj[D%WB-;t6oft7WBWB",{"_type":124,"aspectRatio":1449,"height":1450,"width":1451},1.349644128113879,1124,1517,{"ColorSpace":1180,"PixelXDimension":1451,"PixelYDimension":1450,"_type":1181},"data:image/jpeg;base64,/9j/2wBDAAYEBQYFBAYGBQYHBwYIChAKCgkJChQODwwQFxQYGBcUFhYaHSUfGhsjHBYWICwgIyYnKSopGR8tMC0oMCUoKSj/2wBDAQcHBwoIChMKChMoGhYaKCgoKCgoKCgoKCgoKCgoKCgoKCgoKCgoKCgoKCgoKCgoKCgoKCgoKCgoKCgoKCgoKCj/wAARCAAPABQDASIAAhEBAxEB/8QAFwABAQEBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABQACCP/EACEQAAICAQQCAwAAAAAAAAAAAAEDAAIFBBEhURJxEyNh/8QAFwEAAwEAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAEDBP/EABYRAQEBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABMf/aAAwDAQACEQMRAD8A6C1lW3R9FxW4O+5g+L168xZo0ziVoZsznny69RdxvZRCyATxueoRhMQnGOdbR1+INubNB58j3MV1Y0fcpk/kow//2Q==",{"_type":132,"darkMuted":1455,"darkVibrant":1458,"dominant":1460,"lightMuted":1461,"lightVibrant":1464,"muted":1467,"vibrant":1469},{"_type":134,"background":1456,"foreground":136,"population":1457,"title":136},"#605436",2.99,{"_type":134,"background":1459,"foreground":136,"population":1202,"title":136},"#403311",{"_type":134,"background":1456,"foreground":136,"population":1457,"title":136},{"_type":134,"background":1462,"foreground":146,"population":1463,"title":146},"#d7cab6",0.41,{"_type":134,"background":1465,"foreground":146,"population":1466,"title":146},"#fcebd8",0.24,{"_type":134,"background":1468,"foreground":136,"population":154,"title":136},"#9c6c54",{"_type":134,"background":1470,"foreground":146,"population":154,"title":136},"#ccac64","Bild_11_b_web.jpg","images/b1bmokl0/setv03/0e4869ea3d6bbc5a62952db8daf660a7d4aff3a3-1517x1124.jpg",616249,"aduIguFXbiSDLPTBAxeQ7xBr1EMxf9vW","https://cdn.sanity.io/images/b1bmokl0/setv03/0e4869ea3d6bbc5a62952db8daf660a7d4aff3a3-1517x1124.jpg",4,{"_key":1478,"_type":8,"children":1479,"containsGlossar":128,"glossarDefs":1484,"markDefs":1485,"style":24},"b2c6cd8740c6",[1480],{"_key":1481,"_type":12,"marks":1482,"text":1483},"77f35c21b8040",[],"Die Verachtung dieser Geschöpfe hat sich auch in den europäischen Sprachen niedergeschlagen. La grenouille bezeichnet auf Französisch den Frosch, le crapaud die Kröte. Das französische Verb grenouiller bedeutet umgangssprachlich aber auch ‹betrügen›. Und so heisst der triebhafte, hässliche, bucklige Mörder in Patrick Süskinds Roman Das Parfüm denn mit Nachnamen auch Grenouille. Im Alltagsenglisch bezeichnet the frog beides, Frosch oder Kröte. Die zoologische Bezeichnung the toad für die Kröte meint im übertragenen Sinn zugleich eine unangenehme Person; ein lying toad ist ein menschliches Lügenmaul.",[],[],{"_key":1487,"_type":8,"children":1488,"containsGlossar":128,"glossarDefs":1493,"markDefs":1494,"style":24},"edfd5439a77f",[1489],{"_key":1490,"_type":12,"marks":1491,"text":1492},"ab319f2f1c340",[],"Schon in dem populärsten Tierbuch des frühen Christentums, dem Physiologus, einer anonymen Sammlung heilsgeschichtlicher Tierportraits aus dem 3. oder 4. Jahrhundert, wurde der Wasserfrosch (Teichfrosch, Moorfrosch) als abstossendes, sündiges Tier beschrieben, weil er den Ungläubigen gleiche, deren Seele voll Schmutz und Dunkel sei. Ursprünglich in griechischer Sprache verfasst, blieb der Physiologus lange das einzige Tierbuch des europäischen Mittelalters. Zwei lateinische Fassungen aus dem 11. Jahrhundert bildeten die Grundlage der althochdeutschen Fassung und für die daraus schöpfenden mittelalterlichen Tierallegorien, [den] Bestiarien. Ihre Tierportraits prägten nicht nur die christliche Ikonografie und Tiersymbolik, sondern das Verhältnis zum Tier in der abendländischen Tradition überhaupt. Am verhasstesten waren diesen Tierportraits dabei die Kröten. Sie allein mussten ihren warzigen Buckel hinhalten für alle Übel der Menschheit.",[],[],{"_key":1496,"_type":8,"children":1497,"glossarDefs":1502,"id":1496,"markDefs":1503,"style":16},"190a0dfb98d4",[1498],{"_key":1499,"_type":12,"marks":1500,"text":1501},"5e61abdd7205",[],"Das Tier der Dunkelheit ",[],[],{"_key":1505,"_type":8,"children":1506,"containsGlossar":128,"glossarDefs":1511,"markDefs":1512,"style":24},"b583d0a052c6",[1507],{"_key":1508,"_type":12,"marks":1509,"text":1510},"c994fe3bbcb5",[],"Nach dem Grund muss man nicht lange suchen. In der christlichen Überlieferung war das Erdreich das niedrigste in der Architektur der Schöpfung. Büssen musste es die kriechende und krabbelnde Tierheit. Seine Bewohner, Igel, Eidechsen, Schlangen, Asseln, Frösche, Kröten, Käfer, Spinnen, Schnecken und Würmer genossen folgerichtig den geringsten Respekt. Für die Anhänger des Judäers Jesus standen sie nicht nur ganz unten in der göttlichen Ordnung. Sie waren Feinde, die es zu bekämpfen galt: Tiere der Dunkelheit, Verdammte der Erde, Abtrünnige des göttlichen Lichts, Werke des Satans, aus Schlamm, Schmutz und Laster gemacht. Die Äbtissin Hildegard von Bingen verglich das Seelenduell zwischen Hirsch und Kröte mit dem Glaubenskampf zwischen dem reinen, starken Christenmenschen und dem stinkenden, bösen Heiden. Nekrophile Darstellungen von Fröschen und Kröten ziehen im 12. Jahrhundert in die Krypten südfranzösischer Kirchen ein. Wenn an der Pforte des Todes Gericht gehalten wird über die Gläubigen, kriechen sie als Vorboten der Hölle aus ihren schmutzigen Winkeln.",[],[],{"_key":1514,"_type":1155,"caption":1515,"captionPosition":1165,"imagePrint":174,"imageWeb":1530,"markDefs":174,"pdfLayout":1208,"pdfRotate":128,"counter":1567},"6400484a4060",[1516],{"_key":1517,"_type":8,"children":1518,"markDefs":1528,"style":24},"a19dfac42244",[1519,1523],{"_key":1520,"_type":12,"marks":1521,"text":1522},"61245d0342e80",[],"Ökologische Katastrophen wurden im Alten Testament gern als Strafgericht Jahwes über die Feinde Israels gedeutet. Prompt vergiftete eine Froschplage das Wasser des Nil.\nQuelle: Die zweite ägyptische Plage. Augsburg, 1775–79, ",{"_key":1524,"_type":12,"marks":1525,"text":1527},"61245d0342e81",[1526],"4d03a4fa9579","https://wellcomecollection.org/works/mrhcn8sj",[1529],{"_key":1526,"_type":90,"href":1527,"linkType":92,"title":1527},{"_type":212,"asset":1531},{"_createdAt":1532,"_id":1533,"_rev":1534,"_type":117,"_updatedAt":1535,"assetId":1536,"extension":119,"metadata":1537,"mimeType":156,"originalFilename":1562,"path":1563,"sha1hash":1536,"size":1564,"uploadId":1565,"url":1566},"2026-04-30T13:29:49Z","image-b51e931557eb965ae0205c0b233bf338b99346ae-2000x1305-jpg","gtUcc5GAbVP6IlcjzIEwQi","2026-04-30T13:29:50Z","b51e931557eb965ae0205c0b233bf338b99346ae",{"_type":121,"blurHash":1538,"dimensions":1539,"exif":1543,"hasAlpha":128,"isOpaque":129,"lqip":1544,"palette":1545},"VEHL6hib4o%g9G_4IUR$-pRk%h%1M{Mzbb%$aKr=tQt6",{"_type":124,"aspectRatio":1540,"height":1541,"width":1542},1.5325670498084292,1305,2000,{"ColorSpace":1180,"PixelXDimension":1542,"PixelYDimension":1541,"_type":1181},"data:image/jpeg;base64,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",{"_type":132,"darkMuted":1546,"darkVibrant":1549,"dominant":1552,"lightMuted":1554,"lightVibrant":1555,"muted":1557,"vibrant":1560},{"_type":134,"background":1547,"foreground":136,"population":1548,"title":136},"#604b3b",6.4,{"_type":134,"background":1550,"foreground":136,"population":1551,"title":136},"#553e19",0.5,{"_type":134,"background":1553,"foreground":146,"population":1548,"title":136},"#cead90",{"_type":134,"background":1553,"foreground":146,"population":1548,"title":136},{"_type":134,"background":1556,"foreground":146,"population":154,"title":146},"#fceccc",{"_type":134,"background":1558,"foreground":136,"population":1559,"title":136},"#a38064",6.34,{"_type":134,"background":1561,"foreground":136,"population":154,"title":136},"#b49444","Bild_06_web.jpg","images/b1bmokl0/setv03/b51e931557eb965ae0205c0b233bf338b99346ae-2000x1305.jpg",2750387,"NMrCZ2H4hRSLopIo6MPdezCrguSQ3x4O","https://cdn.sanity.io/images/b1bmokl0/setv03/b51e931557eb965ae0205c0b233bf338b99346ae-2000x1305.jpg",5,{"_key":1569,"_type":8,"children":1570,"containsGlossar":128,"glossarDefs":1575,"markDefs":1576,"style":24},"d1fa3d94e693",[1571],{"_key":1572,"_type":12,"marks":1573,"text":1574},"16a95d9587a4",[],"Nach der weltweiten Pestepidemie erklimmt die Kröte im 16. Jahrhundert [endgültig] die Bühne der danses macabres oder Totentänze. Es wird die Rolle ihres Lebens. Auf Fresken an Kirchenwänden und in Holzschnitten festigt die verschwiegene Zeugin irdischer Vergänglichkeit ihren Ruf als Totemtier der Melancholie und des Lebensekels. Stets verwickelt der tanzende Tod seine Kandidaten zunächst in ein hinterhältiges Zwiegespräch, dessen Resultat todsicher längst feststeht: Vanitas vanitatum, et omnia vanitas (Alles ist vergänglich, auch die Vergänglichkeit). Währenddessen wartet seine Entourage aus Schlangengewürm, Reptil und Kröte geduldig auf ein fettes Festmahl.",[],[],{"_key":1578,"_type":8,"children":1579,"containsGlossar":128,"glossarDefs":1584,"markDefs":1585,"style":24},"767761bc7c1f",[1580],{"_key":1581,"_type":12,"marks":1582,"text":1583},"023675fcb5ca0",[],"Zur Abschreckung bürgerte sich im deutschen Sprachraum [vielleicht deshalb] das neuhochdeutsche Wort Laich für die Eier von Froschlurchen und Fischen ein. Durch die Klangähnlichkeit mit ‹Leiche› assoziiert es – schambesetzt oder jedenfalls absichtsvoll doppeldeutig – Sexualität mit Tod. Mundartlich stand laich für alle Arten unreiner, schleimiger Flüssigkeiten, im übertragenen Sinn für Abstoßendes, moralisch Verwerfliches oder unanständige Scherze. Als Hurenleich wurden in Bayern die Kinder von Prostituierten bezeichnet. In einem altschwäbischen Wörterbuch wird laichen als «betrügen, stinken, unlautere Geschäfte machen» erklärt.",[],[],{"_key":1587,"_type":8,"children":1588,"containsGlossar":128,"glossarDefs":1593,"markDefs":1594,"style":24},"ef5dd11224be",[1589],{"_key":1590,"_type":12,"marks":1591,"text":1592},"884e3a3534c30",[],"Negativ besetzt war auch die volkstümliche Bezeichnung Lurch (aus norddeutsch: Lork für Kröte) für alle damals bekannten Amphibien, die der deutsche Naturforscher Lorenz Oken im 19. Jahrhundert eingeführt haben soll. Die phonetische Nähe zu abwertenden Dialektwörtern wie Lerch (liederliche Frau), lerk (lahm, krumm) fand dadurch auch in die zoologische Fachsprache. Das waren schmutzige, unschön klingende, abstoßende Wörter, die den Froschlurchen nicht gerade neue Freunde verschafften.",[],[],{"_key":1596,"_type":8,"children":1597,"glossarDefs":1618,"markDefs":1619,"style":1620},"08680ada8ae5",[1598,1602,1606,1610,1614],{"_key":1599,"_type":12,"marks":1600,"text":1601},"1fbe720585fe",[],"[Apropos Freunde:] Nur im Deutschen gibt es das Wort ‹Froschperspektive› für den niedrigsten Blickpunkt in die Welt; im Englischen und Französischen ist es die ‹Wurmperspektive› (",{"_key":1603,"_type":12,"id":1603,"marks":1604,"text":1605},"847133b93575",[869],"vue du ver/worm’s eye-view",{"_key":1607,"_type":12,"marks":1608,"text":1609},"0841e4babeec",[],") oder der ‹Taucherblick› (",{"_key":1611,"_type":12,"id":1611,"marks":1612,"text":1613},"54d870419544",[869],"contre-plongée",{"_key":1615,"_type":12,"marks":1616,"text":1617},"a8a56c0684a0",[],"). So wird das Niedere zum Ausdruck sozialer Abwertung. ",[],[],"excerpt",{"_key":1622,"_type":8,"children":1623,"containsGlossar":128,"glossarDefs":1628,"markDefs":1629,"style":24},"7bfc067065aa",[1624],{"_key":1625,"_type":12,"marks":1626,"text":1627},"ec6ff42f6e19",[],"Andere Nationen haben die Tatsache, dass es sich schlicht um die Eier ungeborener Geschöpfe handelt, nüchterner ausgedrückt. Auf Französisch bedeutet frayer ‹einen Weg bahnen›; das englische to spawn heißt ‹ablegen, produzieren›. Und das französische testar, nymphe bzw. das lateinische gyrinus, nidament oder ova für Froschlurchlarven klingen deutlich angenehmer als das deutsche Wort Kaulquappen, mancherorts auch Kropfkeulen genannt. Negativ besetzt war auch die volkstümliche Bezeichnung Lurch (aus norddeutsch: Lork für Kröte) für alle damals bekannten Amphibien, die der deutsche Naturforscher Lorenz Oken im 19. Jahrhundert eingeführt haben soll. Die phonetische Nähe zu abwertenden Dialektwörtern wie Lerch (liederliche Frau), lerk (lahm, krumm) fand dadurch auch in die zoologische Fachsprache. Das waren schmutzige, unschön klingende, abstoßende Wörter, die den Froschlurchen nicht gerade neue Freunde verschafften.",[],[],{"_key":1631,"_type":8,"children":1632,"glossarDefs":1637,"id":1631,"markDefs":1638,"style":1134},"3d11a4a281ca",[1633],{"_key":1634,"_type":12,"marks":1635,"text":1636},"96ee778cb24e",[],"Waldbodenstillleben",[],[],{"_key":1640,"_type":8,"children":1641,"containsGlossar":128,"glossarDefs":1646,"markDefs":1647,"style":24},"0d1c3e415dac",[1642],{"_key":1643,"_type":12,"marks":1644,"text":1645},"11e5b6a0d728",[],"Ihre Entdeckung als Objekte wissenschaftlicher Neugier verdanken die Froschlurche dem Wimmelvolk, von dem sie sich ernähren, den Insekten. Die Erforschung ihres Lebensraums und ihrer Metamorphose rief sogleich die Nächsten in der Nahrungskette auf den Plan, Kriechtiere und Lurche. Den Anfang machten 1662 Johannes Goedaert mit seiner Metamorphosis et historia naturalis insectorum, einem reich bebilderten Kompendium der Insektenwelt, und Jan Swammerdams 1669 gedruckte Historia insectorum generalis. [Gleichzeitig entwickelten] Otto Marseus van Schrieck, Jan Davidszoon de Heem, Abraham Mignon und Jan van Kessel ein neues Genre der Malerei, das Waldbodenstillleben. Krokodil, Eidechse, Schlange und Basilisk bevölkerten exotische Flusslandschaften. Kaum ein Naturgemälde, auf dem nicht die kriechende Tierheit die Szene beherrschte: Schnecken, Spinnen, Käfer, Eidechsen, Mäuse, Schlangen, Würmer, Frösche, Kröten.",[],[],{"_key":1649,"_type":1155,"caption":1650,"captionPosition":1659,"imagePrint":174,"imageWeb":1660,"markDefs":174,"pdfLayout":1208,"pdfRotate":128,"counter":1698},"0657d22f6e0e",[1651],{"_key":1652,"_type":8,"children":1653,"markDefs":1658,"style":24},"edafc94782e3",[1654],{"_key":1655,"_type":12,"marks":1656,"text":1657},"445b79ef8f350",[],"Otto Marseus van Schriek, Stillleben mit Insekten und Amphibien, 1662. © Herzog Anton Ulrich-Museum Braunschweig, Kunstmuseum des Landes Niedersachsen.",[],"right",{"_type":212,"asset":1661},{"_createdAt":1662,"_id":1663,"_rev":1664,"_type":117,"_updatedAt":1532,"assetId":1665,"extension":119,"metadata":1666,"mimeType":156,"originalFilename":1693,"path":1694,"sha1hash":1665,"size":1695,"uploadId":1696,"url":1697},"2026-04-30T13:29:48Z","image-97dfc805cf8b7b642c4390454dd635863898b38c-2500x1826-jpg","gtUcc5GAbVP6IlcjzIEvsW","97dfc805cf8b7b642c4390454dd635863898b38c",{"_type":121,"blurHash":1667,"dimensions":1668,"exif":1671,"hasAlpha":128,"isOpaque":129,"lqip":1672,"palette":1673},"V8B:HA~A4:9a9uIB$z?FkVWYxVadNHtRt7xZf7M|Rk%L",{"_type":124,"aspectRatio":1669,"height":1670,"width":1383},1.3691128148959475,1826,{"ColorSpace":1209,"PixelXDimension":1383,"PixelYDimension":1670,"_type":1181},"data:image/jpeg;base64,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",{"_type":132,"darkMuted":1674,"darkVibrant":1677,"dominant":1680,"lightMuted":1683,"lightVibrant":1686,"muted":1687,"vibrant":1690},{"_type":134,"background":1675,"foreground":136,"population":1676,"title":136},"#574828",7.85,{"_type":134,"background":1678,"foreground":136,"population":1679,"title":136},"#542a08",0.01,{"_type":134,"background":1681,"foreground":146,"population":1682,"title":136},"#cbb78b",9.03,{"_type":134,"background":1684,"foreground":146,"population":1685,"title":136},"#a3a48e",0.04,{"_type":134,"background":1681,"foreground":146,"population":1682,"title":136},{"_type":134,"background":1688,"foreground":136,"population":1689,"title":136},"#8a7144",8.11,{"_type":134,"background":1691,"foreground":136,"population":1692,"title":136},"#7e4c1d",0.02,"Bild_07_web.jpg","images/b1bmokl0/setv03/97dfc805cf8b7b642c4390454dd635863898b38c-2500x1826.jpg",1621662,"zk9p63IJZBl1Uk6WYRkmtUIstmjkbkjI","https://cdn.sanity.io/images/b1bmokl0/setv03/97dfc805cf8b7b642c4390454dd635863898b38c-2500x1826.jpg",6,{"_key":1700,"_type":8,"children":1701,"containsGlossar":128,"glossarDefs":1706,"markDefs":1707,"style":24},"76abd41cb390",[1702],{"_key":1703,"_type":12,"marks":1704,"text":1705},"d933fcf4473d0",[],"Naturforscher waren oft sezierende Ärzte oder Künstler, und so kostete das neue Kunstgenre, Natura morte, unzählige Tierleben, denn natürlich mussten die Tiere zuerst gefangen und getötet werden, um in Ruhe beobachtet werden zu können. Van Schrieck züchtete seine Kröten eigenhändig in Glaskästen. Beliebt waren auch sogenannte Schüttelkästen, die Vorläufer moderner Terrarien. In solchen miniaturisierten Naturalienkabinetten wurden ‹niedere Tierarten› wie präparierte Muscheln, Schnecken und Frösche so natürlich wie möglich zwischen Moos und Sand inszeniert.",[],[],{"_key":1709,"_type":8,"children":1710,"containsGlossar":128,"glossarDefs":1715,"markDefs":1716,"style":24},"4452e71dc085",[1711],{"_key":1712,"_type":12,"marks":1713,"text":1714},"b37e05f1ec8e0",[],"Mythische und reale Tiere existieren noch, wie bei Bosch und Brueghel, eine Zeitlang nebeneinander, bis die Niederländerin Rachel Ruysch, Schülerin Marseus van Schriecks, das Genre der Tiermalerei zur Meisterschaft führt. Während auf den Stillleben ihres Mallehrers die Tiere gegeneinander aufgestellt sind wie Ritterheere und die Natur ein einziger Kampfplatz ist, vollzieht sich bei Ruysch das große Fressen friedlich und in zivilisierter Ordnung. Eidechse frisst Schmetterling. Schlange frisst Kröte frisst Schnecke frisst Ameise. C’est la vie; alles hat auch seine schönen Seiten.",[],[],{"_key":1718,"_type":1155,"caption":1719,"captionPosition":1659,"imagePrint":174,"imageWeb":1728,"markDefs":174,"pdfLayout":1208,"pdfRotate":128,"counter":1763},"dca3e9d36006",[1720],{"_key":1721,"_type":8,"children":1722,"markDefs":1727,"style":24},"2ab00fc04922",[1723],{"_key":1724,"_type":12,"marks":1725,"text":1726},"a81d1fdf0e280",[],"Rachel Ruysch, Blumenstillleben am Waldboden. Im Schatten der Schönheit–die Kröte.\nQuelle: Museumslandschaft Hessen Kassel, Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister.",[],{"_type":212,"asset":1729},{"_createdAt":1532,"_id":1730,"_rev":1731,"_type":117,"_updatedAt":1535,"assetId":1732,"extension":119,"metadata":1733,"mimeType":156,"originalFilename":1758,"path":1759,"sha1hash":1732,"size":1760,"uploadId":1761,"url":1762},"image-52616453c811bfc4415def27147a9bae8611dd55-1720x2200-jpg","o0tNkHWVtuS3hBnA38zJA6","52616453c811bfc4415def27147a9bae8611dd55",{"_type":121,"blurHash":1734,"dimensions":1735,"exif":1739,"hasAlpha":128,"isOpaque":129,"lqip":1740,"palette":1741},"d5C6GZAt00}@x^5RNF~B5R}?%10f0L-V%M9ZH?W;^+W.",{"_type":124,"aspectRatio":1736,"height":1737,"width":1738},0.7818181818181819,2200,1720,{"ColorSpace":1209,"PixelXDimension":1738,"PixelYDimension":1737,"_type":1181},"data:image/jpeg;base64,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",{"_type":132,"darkMuted":1742,"darkVibrant":1745,"dominant":1747,"lightMuted":1749,"lightVibrant":1752,"muted":1755,"vibrant":1756},{"_type":134,"background":1743,"foreground":136,"population":1744,"title":136},"#4e4138",4.97,{"_type":134,"background":1746,"foreground":136,"population":1692,"title":136},"#652119",{"_type":134,"background":1748,"foreground":136,"population":1744,"title":136},"#7f5e4b",{"_type":134,"background":1750,"foreground":146,"population":1751,"title":146},"#e3d8cb",3.62,{"_type":134,"background":1753,"foreground":146,"population":1754,"title":136},"#cfad89",2.32,{"_type":134,"background":1748,"foreground":136,"population":1744,"title":136},{"_type":134,"background":1757,"foreground":136,"population":1692,"title":136},"#ae482c","Bild_08_web.jpg","images/b1bmokl0/setv03/52616453c811bfc4415def27147a9bae8611dd55-1720x2200.jpg",1121551,"h3DuktCALIBRYGNtAw6w6RjkiZVF8Yoj","https://cdn.sanity.io/images/b1bmokl0/setv03/52616453c811bfc4415def27147a9bae8611dd55-1720x2200.jpg",7,{"_key":1765,"_type":8,"children":1766,"containsGlossar":128,"glossarDefs":1771,"markDefs":1772,"style":24},"46ee0938600e",[1767],{"_key":1768,"_type":12,"marks":1769,"text":1770},"afae02675847",[],"Das Ansehen der verachteten ‹Erdtiere› stieg noch einmal sprunghaft, als 1705 Maria Sibylla Merians mit kolorierten Kupferstichen geschmücktes Surinam-Buch Metamorphosis insectorum Surinamensium (‹Verwandlung der surinamischen Insekten›) erschien, ein Meisterwerk der Zeichenkunst. Das Besondere an Merians Insektenwelt war die systematische Darstellung natürlicher Lebensgemeinschaften, angefangen von der Paarung und Kinderstube über die Nahrung bis zum allgemeinen Kreislauf des Lebens zwischen Geburt und Tod. Raupen, Spinnen, Kröten, Käfer, Ameisen – sie alle waren endlich vernünftig eingefügt in ein allgemeines System der Natur.",[],[],{"_key":1774,"_type":8,"children":1775,"containsGlossar":128,"glossarDefs":1780,"markDefs":1781,"style":24},"f597a567fc3b",[1776],{"_key":1777,"_type":12,"marks":1778,"text":1779},"8f4402965c6f",[],"Der Entwicklungsgedanke war drei Jahrhunderte vor Darwin im bewundernswerten Zusammenspiel des Lebens gewissermaßen schon in leuchtenden Farben vorgezeichnet. Die Schönheit der Natur – auf einmal war sie nicht mehr Allegorie der göttlichen Heilsordnung, sondern harmonische Ordnung der Lebewesen in ihren natürlichen Umgebungen, Lebenszyklen und Gemeinschaften. Das Hässliche wurde rehabilitiert als sinnvoller Teil der Natur und ihrer Kreisläufe. Diese Bilder sind beides: Feier der schönen Natur und Wissenschaft. Die Genauigkeit der Ausführung wird verbürgt durch die Arbeiten der ersten Naturforscher oder, wie bei Ruysch, Merian und Van Schrieck, durch eigene anatomische Studien. Die emblematische Überhöhung des Tiers nach dem Vorbild des Physiologus macht einer nüchtern-naturalistischen Darstellung Platz. Das Erdreich ist nicht länger der Ort der Verdammten, des Ungeziefers, der vom Teufel gezeugten Kreaturen.",[],[],[1783],{"_key":1784,"_type":8,"children":1785,"markDefs":1790,"style":24},"7bbdccc5be68",[1786],{"_key":1787,"_type":12,"marks":1788,"text":1789},"1c60db10d4180",[],"Seit 300 Millionen Jahren tickt die innere Uhr von Amphibien verlässlich im Takt der Erde. Aber erst seit ein paar tausend Jahren finden sie Eingang in menschliche Mythen, Sagen und Popkultur, werden gesammelt, gefürchtet, gemalt und geküsst. 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