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And it explores urgent questions such as: How can we think, plan, and design urban spaces that allow the seemingly antagonistic elements of water and land to coexist?",[],[501,521,539],{"_id":502,"articles":503,"slug":519,"subtitle":520,"title":188},"1098d2d1-8ad4-49ce-a797-c1ad078cdfeb",[504,509,514],{"_id":425,"authors":505,"slug":507,"title":508},[506],{"firstName":459,"lastName":460},{"_type":186,"current":389},"Eine kleine Kulturgeschichte der Kröten",{"_id":429,"authors":510,"slug":512,"title":513},[511],{"firstName":462,"lastName":463},{"_type":186,"current":392},"The Frog and the Sewage Treatment Plant",{"_id":432,"authors":515,"slug":517,"title":518},[516],{"firstName":468,"lastName":469},{"_type":186,"current":395},"Embracing the amphibious urban",{"_type":186,"current":187},"Concepts and Positions",{"_id":522,"articles":523,"slug":537,"subtitle":538,"title":192},"c329dd2c-9852-4cb3-8b9d-173dce474476",[524,529],{"_id":435,"authors":525,"slug":527,"title":528},[526],{"firstName":486,"lastName":487},{"_type":186,"current":398},"quAA’r-qu-qu-QuAa’rr’-qI-qI-QuiAa’r’r’",{"_id":438,"authors":530,"slug":535,"title":536},[531,532,533,534],{"firstName":450,"lastName":451},{"firstName":456,"lastName":457},{"firstName":477,"lastName":478},{"firstName":483,"lastName":484},{"_type":186,"current":401},"The Basin as Hydrocommons",{"_type":186,"current":191},"Explorations and Prototyping",{"_id":540,"articles":541,"slug":559,"subtitle":560,"title":196},"b35dbac0-2580-4d8f-b314-5630bcea2243",[542,547,554],{"_id":441,"authors":543,"slug":545,"title":546},[544],{"firstName":471,"lastName":472},{"_type":186,"current":404},"How to engage with Amphibians in Switzerland?",{"_id":444,"authors":548,"slug":552,"title":553},[549,550,551],{"firstName":453,"lastName":454},{"firstName":465,"lastName":466},{"firstName":480,"lastName":481},{"_type":186,"current":407},"Amphibien – Grenzgänger zwischen Wasser und Land",{"_id":447,"authors":555,"slug":557,"title":558},[556],{"firstName":474,"lastName":475},{"_type":186,"current":410},"Perspektiven geteilter Lebensräume ",{"_type":186,"current":195},"Tools and Methods","Amphibious \nLiving",{"label":489,"value":563},"rgb(112, 143, 71)",{"_type":186,"current":411},[566,574,582,590],{"_key":567,"_type":8,"children":568,"markDefs":573,"style":24},"be5dff00b972",[569],{"_key":570,"_type":12,"marks":571,"text":572},"7dcc9fc8c346",[],"Throughout the 20th century, cities have been designed as spectacles of solid matter. Worldwide, megatons of concrete, steel and glass have been used to coat, cover and encase formidable volumes of urban space. Stable and steadfast, these solid materials have provided the basis for modern city life to unfold. ",[],{"_key":575,"_type":8,"children":576,"markDefs":581,"style":24},"f170fb96e629",[577],{"_key":578,"_type":12,"marks":579,"text":580},"84edaa18348a",[],"In contrast, many urban areas are rooted deeply in a watery past. Cities such as Berlin, New Orleans, Mumbai, Zurich, or Mexico City were built on wetlands, marshes and floodplains. Living amphibiously, with dynamic wet-and-dry relationships, was the rule, not the exception, for humans and more-than-humans alike. In these muddy habitats, the occurrence of manifold amphibious creatures signified not only flourishing landscapes but also the existence of those vital, watery conditions, which all life depends on. ",[],{"_key":583,"_type":8,"children":584,"markDefs":589,"style":24},"ce7773031013",[585],{"_key":586,"_type":12,"marks":587,"text":588},"acef788ecdb4",[],"The strategic elimination of open urban water bodies, the extensive sealing of urban soil and greenspace, as well as the radical reductionist rainwater management of the past decades influence the life of all city creatures in existential ways. Concrete surfaces can’t absorb water, turning heavy rainfalls into raging urban floods, hot summer days into deadly urban heat islands and previously flourishing volumes of vegetation into completely dry, artificial spaces. As a result, the quality of city life decreases, serious health issues emerge, amphibians go extinct, and finally, critical tipping points and collapsing ecosystems become tangible realities.",[],{"_key":591,"_type":8,"children":592,"markDefs":597,"style":24},"430c5b149c5a",[593],{"_key":594,"_type":12,"marks":595,"text":596},"d896620452b3",[],"To avoid such urban doomsday scenarios, it is time to learn and think about future urban worlds from the wet, fluid and muddy again. New ways of designing urban porosity and permeability are urgently needed. The first issue of Shared Habitats reimagines the city as a place of amphibious living. It seeks to understand the needs and living conditions of various forms of life such as frogs, toads and salamanders, at the margins of the wet and dry. And it explores urgent questions such as: How can we think, plan, and design urban spaces that allow the seemingly antagonistic elements of water and land to coexist, intermingle and provide the very basic living conditions, both for our amphibious neighbors and in the long-run, for all urbanites? How could we  transmogrify the solid into the soft and spongy? How can we reactivate the roots of the urban, demystify those muddy grounds and generate new fluid thoughts? How can we create and inhabit new pluriversal urban spaces that allow life to unfold amphibiously?",[],[599,607,615,623,631,639,647,655,663,685,693,708,716,735,743,751,759,766],{"_key":600,"_type":8,"children":601,"markDefs":606,"style":24},"e1ea4af94c78",[602],{"_key":603,"_type":12,"marks":604,"text":605},"613008fd8e4c0",[],"The Shared Habitats editions are co-developed with alternating academic and non-academic institutions. 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Consultancy Hybrid Generation: Julien Taquet (Coko-Foundation).",[733],{"_key":726,"_type":90,"blank":129,"href":734},"https://nahuelgerth.de/lab/organic-grids",{"_key":736,"_type":8,"children":737,"markDefs":742,"style":16},"4f015b55a126",[738],{"_key":739,"_type":12,"marks":740,"text":741},"f4d866b321a10",[],"Printed Version",[],{"_key":744,"_type":8,"children":745,"markDefs":750,"style":24},"a5b6ad331dc4",[746],{"_key":747,"_type":12,"marks":748,"text":749},"3dd3dbb061c0",[],"The printed version of the edition Amphibious Living will be released by the end of 2026. Please reach out if you would like to receive informations about the venue.",[],{"_key":752,"_type":8,"children":753,"markDefs":758,"style":16},"e1e339175379",[754],{"_key":755,"_type":12,"marks":756,"text":757},"4b4b996a3726",[],"Imprint",[],{"_key":760,"_type":8,"children":761,"markDefs":765,"style":24},"8bb53ee61a02",[762],{"_key":747,"_type":12,"marks":763,"text":764},[],"Chair of Italian Studies and Environmental Humanities\nUniversity of St. Gallen\nUnterer Graben 21\n9000 St. Gallen\n\nCopyright © 2026",[],{"_key":767,"_type":8,"children":768,"markDefs":773,"style":24},"2302b764471d",[769],{"_key":770,"_type":12,"marks":771,"text":772},"0a1f350d7be5",[],"",[],"Editorial",{"label":489,"value":776},"rgb(185, 118, 46)","Info",{"_type":186,"current":412},"Amphibious Living",[781],{"_id":415,"blurb":782,"downloads":174,"edition":788,"number":789,"title":779},[783],{"_key":493,"_type":8,"children":784,"markDefs":787,"style":24},[785],{"_key":496,"_type":12,"marks":786,"text":498},[],[],{"_type":186,"current":411},{"_type":186,"current":412},[791,840,891,941],{"_id":792,"content":793,"relatedArticles":174,"slug":837,"title":839},"e94761ef-ed87-4a49-9e40-1b1cbc5c4435",[794],{"_key":795,"_type":8,"children":796,"markDefs":832,"style":24},"c5c36206ef9f",[797,802,806,810,814,819,823,828],{"_key":798,"_type":12,"marks":799,"text":801},"eb2ff821e3a2",[800],"em","Chytridiomycosis",{"_key":803,"_type":12,"marks":804,"text":805},"1322c371ec30",[],", or short ",{"_key":807,"_type":12,"marks":808,"text":809},"0c5cfc182572",[800],"Chytrid",{"_key":811,"_type":12,"marks":812,"text":813},"d326914f9c42",[],", is an infectious disease of amphibians caused by a fungus, which is significantly impacting populations across the globe. The ",{"_key":815,"_type":12,"marks":816,"text":818},"66002931f72a",[817],"7622926c03c1","emerging disease",{"_key":820,"_type":12,"marks":821,"text":822},"943cd372ffea",[]," has been found in over 1,300 species, causing the decline or complete extinction of hundreds of species of frogs and other amphibians. Chytrid was ",{"_key":824,"_type":12,"marks":825,"text":827},"a05869d9b929",[826],"323c93e63bdf","identified",{"_key":829,"_type":12,"marks":830,"text":831},"971fb9a312e0",[]," and described in 1998 after massive mortality events in Australia and Central America involving several species of frog. Further studies have suggested that the fungus originated on the Korean peninsula and was globally distributed by the late 1800s or early 1900s.",[833,835],{"_key":817,"_type":90,"blank":129,"href":834,"linkType":92,"title":834},"https://cwhl.vet.cornell.edu/resource/chytridiomycosis",{"_key":826,"_type":90,"blank":129,"href":836,"linkType":92,"title":836},"https://www.zsl.org/what-we-do/projects/amphibian-chytridiomycosis",{"_type":186,"current":838},"chytridiomycosis","Chytridiomycosis ",{"_id":841,"content":842,"relatedArticles":174,"slug":889,"title":853},"19617417-5eef-4763-b136-3edcb53e7363",[843],{"_key":844,"_type":8,"children":845,"markDefs":884,"style":24},"d942fdbde6d4",[846,850,854,858,863,867,872,876,880],{"_key":847,"_type":12,"marks":848,"text":849},"2675c878750c",[],"The term ",{"_key":851,"_type":12,"marks":852,"text":853},"9fb8f4ce91c3",[800],"Habitat",{"_key":855,"_type":12,"marks":856,"text":857},"1e779190c64b",[]," describes the ",{"_key":859,"_type":12,"marks":860,"text":862},"ebf4e6092689",[861],"197505f2e4b7","resources and conditions",{"_key":864,"_type":12,"marks":865,"text":866},"2c18b8f88bf7",[]," present in an area that produce occupancy, which may include survival and reproduction by a given organism. Habitat is organism-specific and is more than vegetation or vegetation structure. Physical and biotic ",{"_key":868,"_type":12,"marks":869,"text":871},"cc7ecc5335e4",[870],"2c4710af262e","factors",{"_key":873,"_type":12,"marks":874,"text":875},"45e93d80d8cd",[]," may include soil, moisture, temperature, and light intensity, as well as the availability of food and the presence or absence of predators. The widespread use of the term in biology can be traced back to naturalist Carl von Linné, who—in his 1753 work ",{"_key":877,"_type":12,"marks":878,"text":879},"37f4cedc3b8a",[800],"Species Plantarum",{"_key":881,"_type":12,"marks":882,"text":883},"99c14165fbfe",[],"—started the description of each species with the Latin words “habitat in…”, which translates as “lives in…”.",[885,887],{"_key":861,"_type":90,"blank":129,"href":886,"linkType":92,"title":886},"https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jwmg.21121",{"_key":870,"_type":90,"blank":129,"href":888,"linkType":92,"title":888},"https://sciencenotes.org/habitat-definition-types-and-examples/",{"_type":186,"current":890},"habitat",{"_id":892,"content":893,"relatedArticles":174,"slug":938,"title":940},"e6fc9fc2-80a9-49bd-b876-6fd8ee85f9ba",[894,924],{"_key":895,"_type":8,"children":896,"markDefs":919,"style":24},"dbbcd9664e2d",[897,901,906,910,915],{"_key":898,"_type":12,"marks":899,"text":900},"d67b8a0f5bb5",[],"Pondscape, short for pond landscape, refers to a network of ponds, which are restored or created to enhance ecosystems and societal ",{"_key":902,"_type":12,"marks":903,"text":905},"42167e486fd1",[904],"341dab907271","resilience",{"_key":907,"_type":12,"marks":908,"text":909},"90bcf821d30e",[],". 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Suitable structures include leaf litter in herbaceous vegetation, fallen wood or grass, and loose forest soil.",[],{"_type":186,"current":4256},"yellow-bellied-toad","Yellow-bellied toad",{"_createdAt":4259,"_id":432,"_rev":4260,"_system":4261,"_type":426,"_updatedAt":4264,"articleLinks":174,"authors":4265,"category":4333,"citation":4335,"content":4360,"intro":6666,"language":6675,"relatedArticles":174,"remarks":6676,"shortSlug":7444,"slug":7445,"title":518,"titleImage":7446,"titleImageArray":7485,"titleStyle":4725},"2026-04-22T06:59:17Z","ByJ2nZShSQE54XWVuouqv4",{"base":4262},{"id":432,"rev":4263},"3bN0u7cRgjo3Xnr4MjA1B6","2026-08-28T14:45:37Z",[4266],{"about":4267,"firstName":468,"lastName":469,"slug":4331},[4268],{"_key":4269,"_type":8,"children":4270,"markDefs":4320,"style":24},"66ddc5971811",[4271,4275,4280,4284,4289,4293,4298,4302,4307,4311,4316],{"_key":4272,"_type":12,"marks":4273,"text":4274},"8fef2f8ad403",[],"Kirsten Parris is a Professor of Urban Ecology in the ",{"_key":4276,"_type":12,"marks":4277,"text":4279},"10b23d6159ca",[4278],"e3ec9a144166","School of BioSciences",{"_key":4281,"_type":12,"marks":4282,"text":4283},"0d51eb7a8336",[],", where she leads the ",{"_key":4285,"_type":12,"marks":4286,"text":4288},"92ec564d81e6",[4287],"eeaff2c47279","Urban Ecology and Conservation Research Group",{"_key":4290,"_type":12,"marks":4291,"text":4292},"c5d7b1cc55b8",[],", and the Director of the ",{"_key":4294,"_type":12,"marks":4295,"text":4297},"e133eedebce9",[4296],"2dd536ef1c4b","Office for Environmental Programs",{"_key":4299,"_type":12,"marks":4300,"text":4301},"3eac2d3d8860",[]," at ",{"_key":4303,"_type":12,"marks":4304,"text":4306},"bda20d373c0e",[4305],"055b3dbabd20","The University of Melbourne",{"_key":4308,"_type":12,"marks":4309,"text":4310},"f083efef80b1",[],". She also lead the ",{"_key":4312,"_type":12,"marks":4313,"text":4315},"cad5c5a4e86c",[4314],"1b6b85ed473f","NESP Hub for Clean Air and Urban Landscapes (CAUL)",{"_key":4317,"_type":12,"marks":4318,"text":4319},"ad4c5c492026",[]," from 2018 to 2021.",[4321,4323,4325,4327,4329],{"_key":4278,"_type":90,"href":4322,"linkType":92,"title":4322},"https://biosciences.unimelb.edu.au/",{"_key":4287,"_type":90,"href":4324,"linkType":92,"title":4324},"https://urbanecology.online/",{"_key":4296,"_type":90,"href":4326,"linkType":92,"title":4326},"https://environment.unimelb.edu.au/",{"_key":4305,"_type":90,"href":4328,"linkType":92,"title":4328},"http://www.unimelb.edu.au/",{"_key":4314,"_type":90,"href":4330,"linkType":92,"title":4330},"http://nespurban.edu.au/",{"_type":186,"current":4332},"kirsten-parris",{"slug":4334,"title":188},{"_type":186,"current":187},[4336,4344],{"_key":4337,"_type":8,"children":4338,"markDefs":4343,"style":24},"9ad226dae80c",[4339],{"_key":4340,"_type":12,"marks":4341,"text":4342},"988eb66a2161",[],"Titelbild: Die Karte von 1939 zeigt eine detaillierte Darstellung des Verlaufs des Flusses Mississippi. Die Farben markieren die unterschiedlichen Pfade des Fluss zu unterschiedlichen Zeiten. © Fisk, Harold N.",[],{"_key":4345,"_type":8,"children":4346,"markDefs":4359,"style":24},"fb404274114f",[4347,4351,4355],{"_key":4348,"_type":12,"marks":4349,"text":4350},"1edc4d83b766",[],"Please cite as follows: Parris, K. (2026). Embracing the amphibious urban. ",{"_key":4352,"_type":12,"marks":4353,"text":4354},"b218f828a616",[800],"Shared Habitats, 1 (Amphibious Living). ",{"_key":4356,"_type":12,"marks":4357,"text":4358},"d8280df81ac9",[],"This contribution is licensed under the CC-BY-NC-ND License 4.0 International (Creative Commons, Attribution, Non Commercial, No Derivatives). The reuse of material from other sources may require further authorizations for use by the respective copyright holders.",[],[4361,4371,4380,4461,4471,4499,4587,4596,4605,4614,4663,4672,4726,4771,4822,4870,4959,4968,5011,5076,5126,5286,5381,5469,5519,5552,5561,5683,5692,5769,5840,5849,6008,6119,6128,6244,6253,6390,6437],{"_key":4362,"_type":8,"children":4363,"glossarDefs":4368,"id":4362,"markDefs":4369,"style":4370},"924f714308bf",[4364],{"_key":4365,"_type":12,"marks":4366,"text":4367},"09f78d67f1f7",[],"Introduction",[],[],"h2",{"_key":4372,"_type":8,"children":4373,"containsGlossar":128,"glossarDefs":4378,"markDefs":4379,"style":24},"a6e11917aab2",[4374],{"_key":4375,"_type":12,"marks":4376,"text":4377},"d5c0fb3a84a7",[],"The modern city can be a hostile place for wildlife. Consider the humble—or proud—amphibian as a case in point. Many frogs, salamanders and newts maintain a biphasic life cycle, requiring both free water for their eggs and larvae to develop (the aquatic phase) and suitable conditions on land in which to thrive as juveniles and adults (the terrestrial phase). Sometimes, the aquatic and terrestrial habitats of a species are adjacent, but sometimes adults must move a substantial distance across the landscape to a breeding site, or juveniles will need to disperse away from their natal aquatic habitat following metamorphosis. Thus, to support amphibians in urban environments, we need to protect or reinstate both their aquatic and terrestrial habitats and their ability to move safely between the two. It may sound simple, but achieving this combination of three elements can be difficult in cities where streams, ponds and other wetlands are often destroyed or polluted, where terrestrial habitat elements such as understorey vegetation, leaf litter, rock piles and woody debris that provide moisture and shelter for small animals with permeable skins are removed in the name of safety or neatness, and where the spaces between remaining wildlife habitats contain many barriers to movement. It is far easier to be a bird or a bat or a volant insect able to fly above the myriad urban fences, roads and fast-moving vehicles.",[],[],{"_key":4381,"_type":8,"children":4382,"containsGlossar":128,"glossarDefs":4412,"markDefs":4413,"style":24},"2f23ef6300cb",[4383,4387,4392,4396,4401,4405,4409],{"_key":4384,"_type":12,"marks":4385,"text":4386},"2bf396b8843b",[],"Amphibians are the most threatened group of vertebrates on the planet, with 3,422 species or 42.5% of those assessed to date by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) classified as extinct, critically endangered, endangered, vulnerable to extinction or near-",{"_key":4388,"_type":12,"id":4388,"marks":4389,"text":4391},"457195acb6e1",[4390],"428e8fc01a24","threatened",{"_key":4393,"_type":12,"marks":4394,"text":4395},"7ada4b87e877",[]," Urbanisation—understood not as a single process, but as a combination of many ",{"_key":4397,"_type":12,"id":4397,"marks":4398,"text":4400},"c68dff4d0321",[4399],"8d67b477f17e","processes",{"_key":4402,"_type":12,"marks":4403,"text":4404},"b2116f69f030",[]," that include the removal of native vegetation, the construction of buildings and roads, the destruction or modification of wetlands and the pollution of air, water and soil—plays a major role in pushing amphibians closer to extinction",{"_key":4406,"_type":12,"id":4406,"marks":4407,"text":1094},"03dd479a983b",[4408],"c9db0edfaa5c",{"_key":4410,"_type":12,"marks":4411,"text":1594},"5ee989a6a2dd",[],[],[4414,4433,4443],{"_key":4390,"_type":4415,"content":4416,"id":4390},"footnote",[4417],{"_key":4418,"_type":8,"children":4419,"markDefs":4432,"style":24},"008347219e0b",[4420,4424,4428],{"_key":4421,"_type":12,"marks":4422,"text":4423},"fed6106c33d1",[],"IUCN (2025). ",{"_key":4425,"_type":12,"marks":4426,"text":4427},"53dba3002639",[800],"The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. ",{"_key":4429,"_type":12,"marks":4430,"text":4431},"f5ce917023d1",[],"Version 2025-2. https://www.iucnredlist.org",[],{"_key":4399,"_type":4415,"content":4434,"id":4399},[4435],{"_key":4436,"_type":8,"children":4437,"markDefs":4442,"style":24},"1a3626adf9c5",[4438],{"_key":4439,"_type":12,"marks":4440,"text":4441},"ce49125bf9da",[],"A further 896 or 11% of amphibian species assessed by the IUCN have been classified as data deficient, meaning there is not enough information available to be confident of their conservation status.",[],{"_key":4408,"_type":4415,"content":4444,"id":4408},[4445],{"_key":4446,"_type":8,"children":4447,"markDefs":4460,"style":24},"075f2187e618",[4448,4452,4456],{"_key":4449,"_type":12,"marks":4450,"text":4451},"e36b6e57c2df",[],"Parris, K. M. (2016). ",{"_key":4453,"_type":12,"marks":4454,"text":4455},"c1ffb2f38cb3",[800],"Ecology of Urban Environments.",{"_key":4457,"_type":12,"marks":4458,"text":4459},"4da451644cf9",[]," Wiley.",[],{"_key":4462,"_type":8,"children":4463,"glossarDefs":4468,"markDefs":4469,"style":4470},"b2eb220997ae",[4464],{"_key":4465,"_type":12,"marks":4466,"text":4467},"e900322f0b5d",[],"Since 1850, 90% of Swiss wetlands have been drained, or wiped out by urban or agricultural development.",[],[],"excerpt",{"_key":4472,"_type":8,"children":4473,"containsGlossar":128,"glossarDefs":4482,"markDefs":4483,"style":24},"3ede91b73eb5",[4474,4478],{"_key":4475,"_type":12,"marks":4476,"text":4477},"280cb0d5f3b6",[],"Two of these processes are captured in the IUCN’s formal list of threats: 1) residential and commercial development; and 2) pollution. Of the 3,422 amphibian species mentioned above, 40% are threatened by residential and commercial development and 28% by pollution (noting that these categories are not mutually exclusive, as some species are threatened by both processes)",{"_key":4479,"_type":12,"id":4479,"marks":4480,"text":1094},"584beb0fb0fb",[4481],"f16d86a55ad2",[],[4484],{"_key":4481,"_type":4415,"content":4485,"id":4481},[4486],{"_key":4487,"_type":8,"children":4488,"markDefs":4498,"style":24},"ab84aaac2ee8",[4489,4492,4495],{"_key":4490,"_type":12,"marks":4491,"text":4423},"97ef30ace391",[],{"_key":4493,"_type":12,"marks":4494,"text":4427},"7f91ec2c2141",[800],{"_key":4496,"_type":12,"marks":4497,"text":4431},"56dd4bed0df6",[],[],{"_key":4500,"_type":8,"children":4501,"containsGlossar":128,"glossarDefs":4523,"markDefs":4524,"style":24},"f9bb86ae7ba6",[4502,4506,4510,4514,4519],{"_key":4503,"_type":12,"marks":4504,"text":4505},"82323eb8be3c",[],"The conceptualisation of cities as human places has dominated the history of urban planning and urban engineering. Human concerns have been centred, and the requirements of other species have been overlooked. This is now beginning to change, with ideas of cities as more-than-human places gaining momentum",{"_key":4507,"_type":12,"id":4507,"marks":4508,"text":1094},"9ce710ac3eaf",[4509],"e65fe5779db6",{"_key":4511,"_type":12,"marks":4512,"text":4513},"8777eceda8af",[]," However, much damage remains to be undone, and new damage continues to occur as the global human population embraces urban living more than ever before. While the projected growth of the world’s urban population in the coming decades will be concentrated in Asia and Africa",{"_key":4515,"_type":12,"id":4515,"marks":4516,"text":4518},"98bbf846b8c8",[4517],"d58bcfc61911",",",{"_key":4520,"_type":12,"marks":4521,"text":4522},"f403e0316781",[]," urban development is continuing apace in countries such as Australia, New Zealand and the USA, where houses are large and urban sprawl is the norm. In all these regions, space for wetlands and the wildlife they support in cities will be at a premium.",[],[4525,4569],{"_key":4509,"_type":4415,"content":4526,"id":4509},[4527],{"_key":4528,"_type":8,"children":4529,"markDefs":4567,"style":24},"8b2db0fa458e",[4530,4534,4538,4542,4546,4550,4555,4559,4563],{"_key":4531,"_type":12,"marks":4532,"text":4533},"c7aabeddcdf6",[],"e.g. Maller, C. (2018). ",{"_key":4535,"_type":12,"marks":4536,"text":4537},"f64df421e09c",[800],"Healthy urban environments: More-than-human theories",{"_key":4539,"_type":12,"marks":4540,"text":4541},"b8bb0a61691d",[],". Routledge; Parris, K., Amati, M., Bekessy, S. A., Dagenais, D., Fryd, O., Hahs, A. K., Hes, D., et al. (2018). ",{"_key":4543,"_type":12,"marks":4544,"text":4545},"0706d2067292",[800],"The seven lamps of planning for biodiversity in the city. ",{"_key":4547,"_type":12,"marks":4548,"text":4549},"06110f78df2c",[],"Cities, 83, 44–53. ",{"_key":4551,"_type":12,"marks":4552,"text":4554},"cca0a753c8cc",[4553],"c56be8547142","https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2018.06.007",{"_key":4556,"_type":12,"marks":4557,"text":4558},"8b744b813e03",[],"; Fieuw, W., Foth, M., & Caldwell, G. (2022). Towards a more-than-human approach to smart and sustainable urban development: Designing for multispecies justice. ",{"_key":4560,"_type":12,"marks":4561,"text":4562},"e7c970b2397e",[800],"Sustainability,",{"_key":4564,"_type":12,"marks":4565,"text":4566},"3a2722577424",[]," 14(2), 948.",[4568],{"_key":4553,"_type":90,"href":4554,"linkType":92,"title":4554},{"_key":4517,"_type":4415,"content":4570,"id":4517},[4571],{"_key":4572,"_type":8,"children":4573,"markDefs":4586,"style":24},"8f6e47e65df7",[4574,4578,4582],{"_key":4575,"_type":12,"marks":4576,"text":4577},"87138a898ecc",[],"United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (2025). ",{"_key":4579,"_type":12,"marks":4580,"text":4581},"bd42b17888a8",[800],"World Urbanization Prospects: The 2025 Revision",{"_key":4583,"_type":12,"marks":4584,"text":4585},"14b3b1a7dd68",[]," (United Nations, Geneva).",[],{"_key":4588,"_type":8,"children":4589,"glossarDefs":4594,"id":4588,"markDefs":4595,"style":4370},"81254f4e21ea",[4590],{"_key":4591,"_type":12,"marks":4592,"text":4593},"71d13e645b4d",[],"How can humans protect, make or re-make urban places as amphibious spaces?",[],[],{"_key":4597,"_type":8,"children":4598,"containsGlossar":128,"glossarDefs":4603,"markDefs":4604,"style":24},"e4917581de5e",[4599],{"_key":4600,"_type":12,"marks":4601,"text":4602},"a55a4a601d93",[],"Embracing the amphibious urban means valuing habitats for amphibious wildlife as well as also valuing water and wetlands in cities. It means embracing ambiguity and the in-between, allowing spaces that are sometimes wet and sometimes dry, and accepting places that are messy and changeable and resistant to easy classification. Here are ways humans can act to protect existing amphibious spaces in cities, or to restore lost or create new amphibious elements of the urban landscape.",[],[],{"_key":4606,"_type":8,"children":4607,"glossarDefs":4612,"id":4606,"markDefs":4613,"style":16},"486d595e8465",[4608],{"_key":4609,"_type":12,"marks":4610,"text":4611},"64e33931aae4",[],"1. Respect the course of streams, from the headwaters down",[],[],{"_key":4615,"_type":8,"children":4616,"containsGlossar":128,"glossarDefs":4629,"markDefs":4630,"style":24},"3ecf24d2ed32",[4617,4621,4625],{"_key":4618,"_type":12,"marks":4619,"text":4620},"37da4f2cab4d",[],"The natural course of a stream is determined by geomorphology – the shape of the land and the way it descends from the high point at the top of a catchment or watershed down to the place where the stream joins with a larger stream, or a lake, or the sea. The uppermost reaches of a stream do not always contain water, especially in drier climates. A common engineering practice in cities has been to bury these first-order or headwater streams, redirecting their water to flow through underground pipes",{"_key":4622,"_type":12,"id":4622,"marks":4623,"text":1094},"597d1dd59ddc",[4624],"d05afc1537ec",{"_key":4626,"_type":12,"marks":4627,"text":4628},"faa648f6cf55",[]," The open stream and its riparian corridor – plus all the wildlife they support – are destroyed and built over, only to be remembered when heavy rainfall events lead to flows that that exceed pipe capacity, resulting in urban flooding.",[],[4631],{"_key":4624,"_type":4415,"content":4632,"id":4624},[4633],{"_key":4634,"_type":8,"children":4635,"markDefs":4661,"style":24},"03ab7e689f37",[4636,4640,4644,4648,4652,4656],{"_key":4637,"_type":12,"marks":4638,"text":4639},"0031dfd8b9b9",[],"Elmore, A. J., & Kaushal, S. S. (2008). Disappearing headwaters: patterns of stream burial due to urbanization. ",{"_key":4641,"_type":12,"marks":4642,"text":4643},"86c158a7800d",[800],"Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment,",{"_key":4645,"_type":12,"marks":4646,"text":4647},"a79ee0592581",[]," 6(6), 308-312; Itsukushima, R. & Ohtsuki, K. A. (2021). A century of stream burial due to urbanization in the Tokyo Metropolitan Area. ",{"_key":4649,"_type":12,"marks":4650,"text":4651},"b508d2784ca2",[800],"Environmental Earth Sciences,",{"_key":4653,"_type":12,"marks":4654,"text":4655},"c53ff111a590",[]," 80, 237. ",{"_key":4657,"_type":12,"marks":4658,"text":4660},"4fcd71b6b0a0",[4659],"497b1fd301b1","https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-021-09524-7",[4662],{"_key":4659,"_type":90,"href":4660,"linkType":92,"title":4660},{"_key":4664,"_type":8,"children":4665,"containsGlossar":128,"glossarDefs":4670,"markDefs":4671,"style":24},"1c1ad02d3c47",[4666],{"_key":4667,"_type":12,"marks":4668,"text":4669},"4386e9bfcb98",[],"For example, a famous flood of Elizabeth Street in Melbourne, Australia. In 1882, a stream known as Williams Creek was engineered to flow through giant drains beneath the street on its way to the Birrarung (Yarra River), to address regular flooding events that had occurred since the establishment of the colonial city in the 1830s. However, the drains could not hold all the water that flowed during a summer storm in February 1972, which flooded the street to a depth of 1.5 metres. Shops were inundated, cars were washed away, and commuters were stranded as public transport came to a halt.",[],[],{"_key":4673,"_type":4674,"caption":4675,"captionPosition":4684,"imagePrint":174,"imageWeb":4685,"markDefs":174,"pdfLayout":4725,"pdfRotate":128,"counter":1404},"4650bb8d11e7","pictureBlockArticle",[4676],{"_key":4677,"_type":8,"children":4678,"markDefs":4683,"style":24},"f75bd6d1aa3b",[4679],{"_key":4680,"_type":12,"marks":4681,"text":4682},"4ca2f485ccad",[],"A wood engraving from November 1881, showing scenes of the flooding of Elisabeth Street in Melbourne, Australia. © State Library Victoria.",[],"left",{"_type":212,"asset":4686},{"_createdAt":4687,"_id":4688,"_rev":4689,"_type":117,"_updatedAt":4690,"assetId":4691,"extension":119,"metadata":4692,"mimeType":156,"originalFilename":4720,"path":4721,"sha1hash":4691,"size":4722,"uploadId":4723,"url":4724},"2026-04-30T13:29:57Z","image-febc41aeec925d6c61a6d14e34aff40a402186dc-2400x1696-jpg","vbhMDt05Etis9edbmINzSp","2026-04-30T13:29:58Z","febc41aeec925d6c61a6d14e34aff40a402186dc",{"_type":121,"blurHash":4693,"dimensions":4694,"exif":4698,"hasAlpha":128,"isOpaque":129,"lqip":4707,"palette":4708},"VKIOhG_3~qRj?b4nxuM{Rjof_3t7t7ayRjM{t7t7t7t7",{"_type":124,"aspectRatio":4695,"height":4696,"width":4697},1.4150943396226414,1696,2400,{"ColorSpace":1404,"ExifVersion":4699,"PixelXDimension":4697,"PixelYDimension":4696,"_type":4706},{"data":4700,"type":4705},[4701,4702,4703,4704],48,50,51,49,"Buffer","sanity.imageExifMetadata","data:image/jpeg;base64,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",{"_type":132,"darkMuted":4709,"darkVibrant":4712,"dominant":4713,"lightMuted":4715,"lightVibrant":4717,"muted":4718,"vibrant":4719},{"_type":134,"background":4710,"foreground":136,"population":4711,"title":136},"#444444",3.71,{"_type":134,"background":231,"foreground":136,"population":154,"title":136},{"_type":134,"background":239,"foreground":136,"population":4714,"title":136},5.7,{"_type":134,"background":236,"foreground":146,"population":4716,"title":136},2.92,{"_type":134,"background":236,"foreground":146,"population":154,"title":136},{"_type":134,"background":239,"foreground":136,"population":4714,"title":136},{"_type":134,"background":239,"foreground":136,"population":154,"title":136},"01_Flood_Meblourne_a.jpg","images/b1bmokl0/setv03/febc41aeec925d6c61a6d14e34aff40a402186dc-2400x1696.jpg",1426420,"dBETEaW3kpaFcRBF0hJtFuneeZFpdzLZ","https://cdn.sanity.io/images/b1bmokl0/setv03/febc41aeec925d6c61a6d14e34aff40a402186dc-2400x1696.jpg","default",{"_key":4727,"_type":8,"children":4728,"containsGlossar":128,"glossarDefs":4736,"markDefs":4737,"style":24},"11d9e8d26182",[4729,4732],{"_key":4667,"_type":12,"marks":4730,"text":4731},[],"Like Williams Creek, urban streams that are buried and constrained into pipes are still there and occasionally make their presence felt; they cannot be entirely engineered away. Preserving first-order streams as open green channels that sometimes carry flowing water would allow rainwater to drain naturally into the soil, reducing the burden on stormwater systems and creating a network of green space with benefits for humans and the more-than-human alike",{"_key":4733,"_type":12,"id":4733,"marks":4734,"text":1094},"c688f0c86255",[4735],"23cd2523216d",[],[4738],{"_key":4735,"_type":4415,"content":4739,"id":4735},[4740],{"_key":4741,"_type":8,"children":4742,"markDefs":4769,"style":24},"9326d17819cf",[4743,4747,4751,4755,4758,4761,4765],{"_key":4744,"_type":12,"marks":4745,"text":4746},"6eed535f17dc",[],"Barrett, K., & Price, S. J. (2014). Urbanization and stream salamanders: A review, conservation options, and research needs. ",{"_key":4748,"_type":12,"marks":4749,"text":4750},"fca360ebb516",[800],"Freshwater Science,",{"_key":4752,"_type":12,"marks":4753,"text":4754},"6fcb6777aff2",[]," 33(3), 927–940; Parris, K., Amati, M., Bekessy, S. A., Dagenais, D., Fryd, O., Hahs, A. K., Hes, D., et al. (2018). ",{"_key":4756,"_type":12,"marks":4757,"text":4545},"6a79d83cb182",[800],{"_key":4759,"_type":12,"marks":4760,"text":4549},"e4321a48757d",[],{"_key":4762,"_type":12,"marks":4763,"text":4554},"fa884a8e118b",[4764],"fe524c06fcf6",{"_key":4766,"_type":12,"marks":4767,"text":4768},"4b90c0043243",[],";",[4770],{"_key":4764,"_type":90,"href":4554,"linkType":92,"title":4554},{"_key":4772,"_type":8,"children":4773,"containsGlossar":128,"glossarDefs":4786,"markDefs":4787,"style":24},"d0631dc80e0c",[4774,4778,4782],{"_key":4775,"_type":12,"marks":4776,"text":4777},"c26d5e3cdc65",[],"The straightening and concreting of streams were two other urban engineering practices that were popular during the 19th and 20th centuries: designed to neaten and corral, they confined water flows to well-defined channels in an attempt to minimise flooding of urban areas after significant rain. As a consequence, swamps, soaks, oxbows and other stream-adjacent, sometimes-wet habitats were destroyed and built over or transformed into formal ponds in manicured parklands. There has been recent enthusiasm for renaturalising urban streams as a nature-based solution to problems such as climate change, flooding, urban heat, habitat loss and the biodiversity crisis",{"_key":4779,"_type":12,"id":4779,"marks":4780,"text":1094},"95269349566e",[4781],"1cf67f084875",{"_key":4783,"_type":12,"marks":4784,"text":4785},"c5709f6345a9",[]," The process involves removing concrete channels and allowing streams to take a slower and more meandering path, often with associated works to revegetate the stream banks and create pleasant spaces for humans to enjoy nature while providing other environmental benefits, including cooling, carbon sequestration, ecosystem restoration and improved habitat connectivity for aquatic wildlife.",[],[4788],{"_key":4781,"_type":4415,"content":4789,"id":4781},[4790],{"_key":4791,"_type":8,"children":4792,"markDefs":4821,"style":24},"10eecb897fd6",[4793,4797,4801,4805,4809,4813,4817],{"_key":4794,"_type":12,"marks":4795,"text":4796},"8a82044cb364",[],"Bernhardt, E. S., & Palmer, M. A. (2007). Restoring streams in an urbanizing world. ",{"_key":4798,"_type":12,"marks":4799,"text":4800},"59ddf2326d35",[800],"Freshwater Biology,",{"_key":4802,"_type":12,"marks":4803,"text":4804},"0236adca2b17",[]," 52(4), 738-751; Debele, S. E.,et al. (2023). Nature-based solutions can help reduce the impact of natural hazards: A global analysis of NBS case studies. ",{"_key":4806,"_type":12,"marks":4807,"text":4808},"391f8c9ebbdd",[800],"Science of the Total Environment,",{"_key":4810,"_type":12,"marks":4811,"text":4812},"8e53f6cd2356",[]," 902, 165824; Griffiths, J.,Borne, K. E., Semadeni-Davies, A., & Tanner, C. C. (2024). Selection, planning, and modelling of nature-based solutions for flood mitigation. ",{"_key":4814,"_type":12,"marks":4815,"text":4816},"94bfc446110e",[800],"Water,",{"_key":4818,"_type":12,"marks":4819,"text":4820},"d1af9c8d393b",[]," 16(19), 2802.",[],{"_key":4823,"_type":4674,"caption":4824,"captionPosition":4684,"imagePrint":174,"imageWeb":4833,"markDefs":174,"pdfLayout":4725,"pdfRotate":128,"counter":4869},"e1d6f561fcb3",[4825],{"_key":4826,"_type":8,"children":4827,"markDefs":4832,"style":24},"baab6cd412a2",[4828],{"_key":4829,"_type":12,"marks":4830,"text":4831},"23ff20fcfbc0",[],"Within the last 100 years, many Swiss rivers and creeks were straightened and regulated for flood protection and land reclamation. Today, some restoration efforts are underway. For instance, at the Sihl river in the canton of Zurich, where most of the existing riverbank structures will or already have be removed. Islands, large boulders, and more branches will make the river more diverse and dynamic to support river health and biodiversity. The image shows a recently created part of a pond next to the Sihl river, providing new spawning grounds for the midwife toad. © Verein Hot Spots.",[],{"_type":212,"asset":4834},{"_createdAt":4835,"_id":4836,"_rev":4837,"_type":117,"_updatedAt":4835,"assetId":4838,"extension":119,"metadata":4839,"mimeType":156,"originalFilename":4864,"path":4865,"sha1hash":4838,"size":4866,"uploadId":4867,"url":4868},"2026-05-05T08:27:44Z","image-5f62a69afb8fcff714c9cefc34538f4a512b16ca-2000x1334-jpg","NjFKn5TWxAiAPiVihaHBNE","5f62a69afb8fcff714c9cefc34538f4a512b16ca",{"_type":121,"blurHash":4840,"dimensions":4841,"hasAlpha":128,"isOpaque":129,"lqip":4845,"palette":4846,"thumbHash":4863},"VUF=,S?wE3IUoI%Mt8RlR*jYjEjEj?WWay_3-;t7V@Rk",{"_type":124,"aspectRatio":4842,"height":4843,"width":4844},1.4992503748125936,1334,2000,"data:image/jpeg;base64,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",{"_type":132,"darkMuted":4847,"darkVibrant":4850,"dominant":4852,"lightMuted":4855,"lightVibrant":4858,"muted":4860,"vibrant":4861},{"_type":134,"background":4848,"foreground":136,"population":4849,"title":136},"#484135",6.24,{"_type":134,"background":4851,"foreground":136,"population":3020,"title":136},"#664d2a",{"_type":134,"background":4853,"foreground":136,"population":4854,"title":136},"#988770",8.63,{"_type":134,"background":4856,"foreground":146,"population":4857,"title":136},"#c8b08d",3.59,{"_type":134,"background":4859,"foreground":146,"population":1410,"title":136},"#bf9768",{"_type":134,"background":4853,"foreground":136,"population":4854,"title":136},{"_type":134,"background":4862,"foreground":136,"population":1141,"title":136},"#bc8464","XQgKFYJPhXmKd3d3ePeLmzBlCkO4","02_Sihl_restoration_b.jpg","images/b1bmokl0/setv03/5f62a69afb8fcff714c9cefc34538f4a512b16ca-2000x1334.jpg",1252531,"8GDIb2LXHEkLt4KZISanLsgqsPEeWSZ2","https://cdn.sanity.io/images/b1bmokl0/setv03/5f62a69afb8fcff714c9cefc34538f4a512b16ca-2000x1334.jpg",2,{"_key":4871,"_type":8,"children":4872,"containsGlossar":128,"glossarDefs":4897,"markDefs":4898,"style":24},"e15ad6f5707a",[4873,4877,4881,4885,4889,4893],{"_key":4874,"_type":12,"marks":4875,"text":4876},"d4a01bcae961",[],"The EU Nature Restoration Regulation 2024, a key element of the EU Biodiversity Strategy, sets a series of targets for nature restoration. These include the target of restoring at least 25,000 km of rivers to a free-flowing state by 2030",{"_key":4878,"_type":12,"id":4878,"marks":4879,"text":1094},"8ee1d3f03334",[4880],"a19c6b1ce0be",{"_key":4882,"_type":12,"marks":4883,"text":4884},"71ef9608afe9",[]," However, it is very expensive to re-naturalise a stream, and its former complexity may never be fully restored again: it is far better to preserve streams and their riparian corridors as the natural assets they are and provide a buffer zone on either side where urban development is not permitted. Such riparian areas provide a network of open spaces through the urban landscape, offering many benefits, including local cooling, habitat for wildlife and opportunities for urban humans to connect with nature. Only a few species of amphibians are adapted to breed in fast-flowing streams",{"_key":4886,"_type":12,"id":4886,"marks":4887,"text":1094},"1c99246818d5",[4888],"03211955fbc3",{"_key":4890,"_type":12,"marks":4891,"text":4892},"23ca8588f850",[]," For the remainder, any management actions that slow stream flows and restore non-flowing, riparian wetlands will improve opportunities for successful reproduction and for conserving amphibian populations in urban areas",{"_key":4894,"_type":12,"id":4894,"marks":4895,"text":1094},"cccf4ff80f7f",[4896],"28f3ecd03076",[],[4899,4923,4941],{"_key":4880,"_type":4415,"content":4900,"id":4880},[4901],{"_key":4902,"_type":8,"children":4903,"markDefs":4921,"style":24},"194e71c5265e",[4904,4908,4912,4916],{"_key":4905,"_type":12,"marks":4906,"text":4907},"61ce3dd6cc98",[],"European Commission: Directorate-General for Environment (2025). ",{"_key":4909,"_type":12,"marks":4910,"text":4911},"0b4c84222430",[800],"The Nature Restoration Regulation.",{"_key":4913,"_type":12,"marks":4914,"text":4915},"805a2f3baf7c",[]," Publications Office of the European Union. ",{"_key":4917,"_type":12,"marks":4918,"text":4920},"d65cd9a5a976",[4919],"c9eabb5a15a0","https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2779/5842922",[4922],{"_key":4919,"_type":90,"href":4920,"linkType":92,"title":4920},{"_key":4888,"_type":4415,"content":4924,"id":4888},[4925],{"_key":4926,"_type":8,"children":4927,"markDefs":4940,"style":24},"39ca007cd262",[4928,4932,4936],{"_key":4929,"_type":12,"marks":4930,"text":4931},"3b880640218b",[],"Wells, K. D. (2019). ",{"_key":4933,"_type":12,"marks":4934,"text":4935},"a42dd22e3076",[800],"The Ecology and Behavior of Amphibians.",{"_key":4937,"_type":12,"marks":4938,"text":4939},"3688300672f5",[]," University of Chicago press.",[],{"_key":4896,"_type":4415,"content":4942,"id":4896},[4943],{"_key":4944,"_type":8,"children":4945,"markDefs":4958,"style":24},"fc4dde227b4d",[4946,4950,4954],{"_key":4947,"_type":12,"marks":4948,"text":4949},"0a701cd05e49",[],"Parris, K. M. (2023). Impacts of Urbanization on Amphibians and Opportunities for their Conservation in Cities. In ",{"_key":4951,"_type":12,"marks":4952,"text":4953},"b496a6eb3f53",[800],"Routledge Handbook of Urban Biodiversity",{"_key":4955,"_type":12,"marks":4956,"text":4957},"7f12e3a99703",[]," (pp. 275-288). Routledge.",[],{"_key":4960,"_type":8,"children":4961,"glossarDefs":4966,"id":4960,"markDefs":4967,"style":16},"c2afe3d31487",[4962],{"_key":4963,"_type":12,"marks":4964,"text":4965},"8b15453c944d",[],"2. Retain or (re)construct unpolluted lentic wetlands",[],[],{"_key":4969,"_type":8,"children":4970,"containsGlossar":128,"glossarDefs":4983,"markDefs":4984,"style":24},"c1f5c64afb51",[4971,4975,4979],{"_key":4972,"_type":12,"marks":4973,"text":4974},"30a3af501ec5",[],"Wetlands can be divided into two groups – those that flow (lotic) and those that do not (lentic). Hence, lentic wetlands include pools, ponds, dams and lakes. As with the first-order streams discussed above, pools, swamps, soaks and ponds that do not contain permanent water have been frequent casualties of urban development often drained, filled in, built on, and paved over. Their ephemerality is both their downfall and a significant asset for many freshwater species that rely on these types of water bodies. In the case of amphibians, certain species are adapted to breed in ephemeral ponds, which often contain fewer predators such as fish and insects; others are adapted to breed in permanent ponds and co-exist with their predators",{"_key":4976,"_type":12,"id":4976,"marks":4977,"text":1094},"24e95353649c",[4978],"9c9a4e348b70",{"_key":4980,"_type":12,"marks":4981,"text":4982},"ab2fac90d60e",[]," Some frog species have larval lifespans as short as two to three weeks, while others require ponds to contain water for several months. When ephemeral ponds are preferentially destroyed in cities, what remains is a higher proportion of permanent ponds and fewer aquatic spaces suitable for ephemeral-adapted species.",[],[4985],{"_key":4978,"_type":4415,"content":4986,"id":4978},[4987],{"_key":4988,"_type":8,"children":4989,"markDefs":5010,"style":24},"ca5f84ffa768",[4990,4994,4998,5002,5006],{"_key":4991,"_type":12,"marks":4992,"text":4993},"862f072ffc46",[],"Duellman, W. E. (1992). Reproductive strategies of frogs. ",{"_key":4995,"_type":12,"marks":4996,"text":4997},"2156b386f283",[800],"Scientific American,",{"_key":4999,"_type":12,"marks":5000,"text":5001},"fd46d102d225",[]," 267, 80–87; Werner E. E. et al. (2007). Amphibian species richness across environmental gradients. ",{"_key":5003,"_type":12,"marks":5004,"text":5005},"95ae2b5c6a2b",[800],"Oikos",{"_key":5007,"_type":12,"marks":5008,"text":5009},"a1cee8469c39",[],", 116, 1697–1712.",[],{"_key":5012,"_type":8,"children":5013,"containsGlossar":128,"glossarDefs":5031,"markDefs":5032,"style":24},"dbe1fd311d97",[5014,5018,5023,5027],{"_key":5015,"_type":12,"marks":5016,"text":5017},"7d5aa26ca48b",[],"Many human-constructed urban ponds are highly polluted. Approaches to urban water management such as water sensitive urban design (WSUD; also known as low impact development (LID), sustainable urban drainage systems (SUDS) or integrated urban water management ",{"_key":5019,"_type":12,"id":5019,"marks":5020,"text":5022},"f57099f56635",[5021],"8c7feccbf1b5","(IUWM)",{"_key":5024,"_type":12,"marks":5025,"text":5026},"e13b332a229e",[]," have focused much attention on protecting streams from the damage caused by excess stormwater running quickly off the vast expanses of hard, paved surfaces in urban catchments. These flashy, often-polluted flows are a principal cause of what is known as the urban stream syndrome, which presents itself in high flows after rain, the simplification and channelisation of streams, scoured stream banks, and low base flows between rainfall events",{"_key":5028,"_type":12,"id":5028,"marks":5029,"text":1094},"2f87b6089256",[5030],"e566b00cb746",[],[5033,5051],{"_key":5021,"_type":4415,"content":5034,"id":5021},[5035],{"_key":5036,"_type":8,"children":5037,"markDefs":5050,"style":24},"8c6103e62eef",[5038,5042,5046],{"_key":5039,"_type":12,"marks":5040,"text":5041},"ea1d08640bf1",[],"Fletcher, T. D., Burns, M. J., Russell, K. L., Hamel, P., Duchesne, S., Cherqui, F., & Roy, A. H. (2024). Concepts and evolution of urban hydrology. ",{"_key":5043,"_type":12,"marks":5044,"text":5045},"e0539232be59",[800],"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment,",{"_key":5047,"_type":12,"marks":5048,"text":5049},"b9181504d27d",[]," 5(11), 789-801.",[],{"_key":5030,"_type":4415,"content":5052,"id":5030},[5053],{"_key":5054,"_type":8,"children":5055,"markDefs":5075,"style":24},"7ae8c5eb24a9",[5056,5060,5063,5067,5071],{"_key":5057,"_type":12,"marks":5058,"text":5059},"e93fe22690b7",[],"Booth, D. B., Roy, A. H., Smith, B., & Capps, K. A. (2016). Global perspectives on the urban stream syndrome. ",{"_key":5061,"_type":12,"marks":5062,"text":4750},"e32a6145ad1b",[800],{"_key":5064,"_type":12,"marks":5065,"text":5066},"cd5652a6a1ab",[]," 35(1), 412–420; Walsh, C. J., Roy, A. H., Feminella, J. W., Cottingham, P. D., Groffman, P. M., & Morgan R. P. (2005). The urban stream syndrome: Current knowledge and the search for a cure. ",{"_key":5068,"_type":12,"marks":5069,"text":5070},"ce6e9bd5d44d",[800],"Journal of the North American Benthological Society",{"_key":5072,"_type":12,"marks":5073,"text":5074},"056e32e04cdb",[],", 24, 706–723.",[],{"_key":5077,"_type":4674,"caption":5078,"captionPosition":4684,"imagePrint":174,"imageWeb":5087,"markDefs":174,"pdfLayout":4725,"pdfRotate":128,"counter":5125},"0f418249af02",[5079],{"_key":5080,"_type":8,"children":5081,"markDefs":5086,"style":24},"b8b6b6380449",[5082],{"_key":5083,"_type":12,"marks":5084,"text":5085},"104ce2d688d0",[],"Urban rivers like the Sungai Tabul—one of the urban rivers in Selangor, Malaysia—are frequently affected by pollutants and stream bank alteration. © Wikimedia, Wiki Farazi.",[],{"_type":212,"asset":5088},{"_createdAt":5089,"_id":5090,"_rev":5091,"_type":117,"_updatedAt":5092,"assetId":5093,"extension":119,"metadata":5094,"mimeType":156,"originalFilename":5120,"path":5121,"sha1hash":5093,"size":5122,"uploadId":5123,"url":5124},"2026-04-30T13:30:06Z","image-eb839eb27ad7c60145f0ec3b3774fbafbc16ab55-3000x2120-jpg","o0tNkHWVtuS3hBnA38zKch","2026-04-30T13:30:08Z","eb839eb27ad7c60145f0ec3b3774fbafbc16ab55",{"_type":121,"blurHash":5095,"dimensions":5096,"hasAlpha":128,"isOpaque":129,"lqip":5098,"palette":5099,"thumbHash":5119},"VqFiV.WARjofWB_4RjWAfjWB%hV[odWBj[-;ofj[WBof",{"_type":124,"aspectRatio":4695,"height":5097,"width":126},2120,"data:image/jpeg;base64,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",{"_type":132,"darkMuted":5100,"darkVibrant":5103,"dominant":5106,"lightMuted":5109,"lightVibrant":5112,"muted":5115,"vibrant":5116},{"_type":134,"background":5101,"foreground":136,"population":5102,"title":136},"#575036",6.74,{"_type":134,"background":5104,"foreground":136,"population":5105,"title":136},"#656e1a",0.17,{"_type":134,"background":5107,"foreground":136,"population":5108,"title":136},"#91865e",9.11,{"_type":134,"background":5110,"foreground":146,"population":5111,"title":136},"#bfb18b",1.37,{"_type":134,"background":5113,"foreground":146,"population":5114,"title":146},"#dee8fc",0.47,{"_type":134,"background":5107,"foreground":136,"population":5108,"title":136},{"_type":134,"background":5117,"foreground":136,"population":5118,"title":136},"#728237",4.06,"m/gRHYB3eHhvd3d7eLiIiZqDcBEH","03_Stream_Sungai.jpg","images/b1bmokl0/setv03/eb839eb27ad7c60145f0ec3b3774fbafbc16ab55-3000x2120.jpg",1330269,"SFqCXiWXHRHwW4A24GzAAH5eD8VQJ3Oa","https://cdn.sanity.io/images/b1bmokl0/setv03/eb839eb27ad7c60145f0ec3b3774fbafbc16ab55-3000x2120.jpg",3,{"_key":5127,"_type":8,"children":5128,"containsGlossar":128,"glossarDefs":5161,"markDefs":5162,"style":24},"e7512a2bb166",[5129,5133,5137,5141,5145,5149,5153,5157],{"_key":5130,"_type":12,"marks":5131,"text":5132},"8d68b4f7895a",[],"In response, new urban ponds are constructed to intercept stormwater runoff and filter out pollutants using dense plantings that slow flows and trap particles before the water reaches a receiving stream (noting here that I refer to stormwater that is not comingled with human wastewater from sewers, as is the case in some cities). These ponds perform this function very efficiently",{"_key":5134,"_type":12,"id":5134,"marks":5135,"text":4518},"7efbc7688c4d",[5136],"ca0a07746a87",{"_key":5138,"_type":12,"marks":5139,"text":5140},"1917569e663e",[]," but as a consequence, their water and sediments often contain a toxic cocktail of heavy metals, road salt, herbicides, insecticides and other organic pollutants such as PFAS",{"_key":5142,"_type":12,"id":5142,"marks":5143,"text":1094},"dcd6fb4ad526",[5144],"effe40081dc1",{"_key":5146,"_type":12,"marks":5147,"text":5148},"c0ca4456cb7d",[]," Depending on concentrations, these types of chemical pollutants are lethal to many pond-dwelling animals",{"_key":5150,"_type":12,"id":5150,"marks":5151,"text":1094},"d150cb2297b4",[5152],"ae9aaf24291c",{"_key":5154,"_type":12,"marks":5155,"text":5156},"f03f4433b046",[]," But they also have a range of sub-lethal effects that can compromise the biological fitness of amphibians, fish and aquatic insects (i.e., the probability that an individual organism will survive and successfully reproduce)",{"_key":5158,"_type":12,"id":5158,"marks":5159,"text":1094},"fc6144dc02f9",[5160],"d11d8cfecbeb",[],[5163,5181,5222,5252],{"_key":5136,"_type":4415,"content":5164,"id":5136},[5165],{"_key":5166,"_type":8,"children":5167,"markDefs":5180,"style":24},"589b9f017349",[5168,5172,5176],{"_key":5169,"_type":12,"marks":5170,"text":5171},"21c16847d8b2",[],"Flanagan, K., Blecken, G. T., Osterlund, H., Nordqvist, K., & Viklander, M. (2021). Contamination of urban stormwater pond sediments: a study of 259 legacy and contemporary organic substances. ",{"_key":5173,"_type":12,"marks":5174,"text":5175},"101c42bb6c42",[800],"Environmental Science & Technology",{"_key":5177,"_type":12,"marks":5178,"text":5179},"8285071c3022",[],", 55(5), 3009-3020.",[],{"_key":5144,"_type":4415,"content":5182,"id":5144},[5183],{"_key":5184,"_type":8,"children":5185,"markDefs":5221,"style":24},"1068d9db90d3",[5186,5190,5194,5198,5202,5206,5209,5213,5217],{"_key":5187,"_type":12,"marks":5188,"text":5189},"8c6dc251fd80",[],"Marshall, S., Sharley, D., Jeppe, K., Sharp, S., Rose, G., & Pettigrove, V. (2016). Potentially toxic concentrations of synthetic pyrethroids associated with low density residential land use. ",{"_key":5191,"_type":12,"marks":5192,"text":5193},"66b114996c9d",[800],"Frontiers in Environmental Science,",{"_key":5195,"_type":12,"marks":5196,"text":5197},"023d429afe1d",[]," 4, 75; Sievers, M. K., Parris, K.M., Hale, R. & Swearer, S. E. (2018). Stormwater wetlands can function as ecological traps for urban frogs. ",{"_key":5199,"_type":12,"marks":5200,"text":5201},"525a8d49d39f",[800],"Ecological Applications",{"_key":5203,"_type":12,"marks":5204,"text":5205},"04fcd209ea3e",[],", 28, 1106–1115; Flanagan, K., Blecken, G. T., Osterlund, H., Nordqvist, K., & Viklander, M. (2021). Contamination of urban stormwater pond sediments: a study of 259 legacy and contemporary organic substances. ",{"_key":5207,"_type":12,"marks":5208,"text":5175},"a47a57f52f66",[800],{"_key":5210,"_type":12,"marks":5211,"text":5212},"65f8bdd20ddf",[],", 55(5), 3009-3020; Olmsted, J. L., Ahmadireskety, A., Da Silva, B. F., Robey, N., Aristizabal-Henao, J. J., Bonzongo, J. C. J., & Bowden, J. A. (2021). Using regulatory classifications to assess the impact of different land use types on per-and polyfluoroalkyl substance concentrations in stormwater pond sediments. ",{"_key":5214,"_type":12,"marks":5215,"text":5216},"cb85f8b3f1ad",[800],"Journal of Environmental Engineering",{"_key":5218,"_type":12,"marks":5219,"text":5220},"b0e89fec30ee",[],", 147(10), 06021005.",[],{"_key":5152,"_type":4415,"content":5223,"id":5152},[5224],{"_key":5225,"_type":8,"children":5226,"markDefs":5250,"style":24},"d27349f1f50d",[5227,5230,5233,5237,5241,5245],{"_key":5228,"_type":12,"marks":5229,"text":5189},"749286734b60",[],{"_key":5231,"_type":12,"marks":5232,"text":5193},"eae191a88108",[800],{"_key":5234,"_type":12,"marks":5235,"text":5236},"65bdac864bfd",[]," 4, 75; Snodgrass, J. W., Casey, R. E., Joseph, D., & Simon, J. A. (2008). Microcosm investigations of stormwater pond sediment toxicity to embryonic and larval amphibians: Variation in sensitivity among species. ",{"_key":5238,"_type":12,"marks":5239,"text":5240},"d12d5bb79947",[800],"Environmental Pollution, ",{"_key":5242,"_type":12,"marks":5243,"text":5244},"ce8bd8370551",[],"154(2), 291–297. ",{"_key":5246,"_type":12,"marks":5247,"text":5249},"590cf1df19aa",[5248],"4afad6631ca0","https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2007.10.003",[5251],{"_key":5248,"_type":90,"href":5249,"linkType":92,"title":5249},{"_key":5160,"_type":4415,"content":5253,"id":5160},[5254],{"_key":5255,"_type":8,"children":5256,"markDefs":5285,"style":24},"395eb5b1036f",[5257,5261,5265,5269,5273,5277,5281],{"_key":5258,"_type":12,"marks":5259,"text":5260},"21165ab7928e",[],"[1] Egea‐Serrano, A., Relyea, R. A., Tejedo, M., & Torralva, M. (2012). Understanding of the impact of chemicals on amphibians: A meta‐analytic review. ",{"_key":5262,"_type":12,"marks":5263,"text":5264},"1c17c380757b",[800],"Ecology and Evolution",{"_key":5266,"_type":12,"marks":5267,"text":5268},"ecdfad410e4c",[],", 2(7), 1382–1397; Wong, B. B. M., & Candolin, U. (2015). Behavioral responses to changing environments. ",{"_key":5270,"_type":12,"marks":5271,"text":5272},"11eb39f539d8",[800],"Behavioral Ecology,",{"_key":5274,"_type":12,"marks":5275,"text":5276},"e465977c87eb",[]," 26, 665–673; Sievers, M. K., Hale, R., Parris, K.M., Melvin, S.D., Lanctôt C. M., & Swearer, S. E. (2019). Contaminant-induced behavioural changes in amphibians: A meta-analysis. ",{"_key":5278,"_type":12,"marks":5279,"text":5280},"a4af042d2fce",[800],"Science of The Total Environment",{"_key":5282,"_type":12,"marks":5283,"text":5284},"70d2c8bc26a1",[],", 693, 133570.",[],{"_key":5287,"_type":8,"children":5288,"containsGlossar":128,"glossarDefs":5313,"markDefs":5314,"style":24},"ae087fa3befa",[5289,5293,5297,5301,5305,5309],{"_key":5290,"_type":12,"marks":5291,"text":5292},"36a7432154a0",[],"Amphibians have permeable skin through which they exchange gases and absorb moisture from their environment: this leaves them more vulnerable to chemical pollutants in water, sediments and soil than other groups of animals",{"_key":5294,"_type":12,"id":5294,"marks":5295,"text":1094},"307a66ca45ae",[5296],"208071f7f558",{"_key":5298,"_type":12,"marks":5299,"text":5300},"eb2bb44d336d",[]," Furthermore, the physiological complexity of transforming from egg to larva to adult makes amphibians particularly susceptible to chemical pollutants that disrupt the functioning of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Thyroid (HPT) axis, which plays a key role in development and metamorphosis",{"_key":5302,"_type":12,"id":5302,"marks":5303,"text":1094},"c93cf2fd4e0c",[5304],"5c9f268b48b3",{"_key":5306,"_type":12,"marks":5307,"text":5308},"2420f27f4f17",[]," Hence, amphibians exposed to chemical pollutants show increased levels of abnormal behaviour as larvae and increased rates of deformities as adults (Khan & Law, 2005; Sievers et al., 2019), in addition to reduced survival rates",{"_key":5310,"_type":12,"id":5310,"marks":5311,"text":1094},"15ccdb1c6b70",[5312],"1112b2921ed3",[],[5315,5341,5365],{"_key":5296,"_type":4415,"content":5316,"id":5296},[5317],{"_key":5318,"_type":8,"children":5319,"markDefs":5340,"style":24},"bbdfea557d36",[5320,5324,5328,5332,5336],{"_key":5321,"_type":12,"marks":5322,"text":5323},"2d75e4b1309b",[],"Croteau, M. C., Hogan, N., Gibson, J. C., Lean, D., & Trudeau, V. L. (2008). Toxicological threats to amphibians and reptiles in urban environments. ",{"_key":5325,"_type":12,"marks":5326,"text":5327},"318bbe5df74b",[800],"Urban Herpetology,",{"_key":5329,"_type":12,"marks":5330,"text":5331},"c98e7fa7876e",[]," 3, 197–209; Sievers, M., Hale, R., Parris, K. M., & Swearer, S. E. (2018c). Impacts of human‐induced environmental change in wetlands on aquatic animals. ",{"_key":5333,"_type":12,"marks":5334,"text":5335},"a6910a33f5f8",[800],"Biological Reviews,",{"_key":5337,"_type":12,"marks":5338,"text":5339},"05829ec23354",[]," 93(1), 529–554.",[],{"_key":5304,"_type":4415,"content":5342,"id":5304},[5343],{"_key":5344,"_type":8,"children":5345,"markDefs":5363,"style":24},"c358768d2079",[5346,5350,5354,5358],{"_key":5347,"_type":12,"marks":5348,"text":5349},"487014e9599d",[],"Fort, D. J., Degitz, S., Tietge, J., & Touart, L. W. (2007). The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Thyroid (HPT) axis in frogs and its role in frog development and reproduction. ",{"_key":5351,"_type":12,"marks":5352,"text":5353},"2c77ebe39bbc",[800],"Critical Reviews in Toxicology",{"_key":5355,"_type":12,"marks":5356,"text":5357},"85ff3b27e1e7",[],", 37(1–2), 117–161. ",{"_key":5359,"_type":12,"marks":5360,"text":5362},"09cd5025faad",[5361],"939f37570ecf","https://doi.org/10.1080/10408440601123545",[5364],{"_key":5361,"_type":90,"href":5362,"linkType":92,"title":5362},{"_key":5312,"_type":4415,"content":5366,"id":5312},[5367],{"_key":5368,"_type":8,"children":5369,"markDefs":5380,"style":24},"9634b178c6c2",[5370,5374,5377],{"_key":5371,"_type":12,"marks":5372,"text":5373},"922a36a645bd",[],"Sievers, M., Hale, R., Parris, K. M., & Swearer, S. E. (2018c). Impacts of human‐induced environmental change in wetlands on aquatic animals. ",{"_key":5375,"_type":12,"marks":5376,"text":5335},"577d30b18364",[800],{"_key":5378,"_type":12,"marks":5379,"text":5339},"3a89183b2827",[],[],{"_key":5382,"_type":8,"children":5383,"containsGlossar":128,"glossarDefs":5408,"markDefs":5409,"style":24},"742da0760beb",[5384,5388,5392,5396,5400,5404],{"_key":5385,"_type":12,"marks":5386,"text":5387},"449b5a84e813",[],"An additional approach to building ponds that receive and treat stormwater runoff is to construct urban ponds specifically as habitat for amphibians and other wildlife, ensuring they receive clean instead of polluted water. These ponds do not need to be as large as those designed to intercept and filter stormwater, and are therefore easier and cheaper to construct",{"_key":5389,"_type":12,"id":5389,"marks":5390,"text":1094},"9b9a0196b535",[5391],"d3fb129db2b5",{"_key":5393,"_type":12,"marks":5394,"text":5395},"a2c20e73fa48",[]," Adding ponds with a range of depths, shapes and substrates creates a varied ‘pondscape’ of ephemeral and permanent ponds that caters for the breeding requirements of a diverse range of amphibians and other taxa",{"_key":5397,"_type":12,"id":5397,"marks":5398,"text":1094},"f4de03c16db7",[5399],"372689105bf0",{"_key":5401,"_type":12,"marks":5402,"text":5403},"be139a976b85",[]," This strategy has proven effective in the Canton of Aargau in northern Switzerland, where the construction of hundreds of new ponds as breeding habitat for amphibians improved the population trajectories of 10 out of 12 pond-breeding species between 1999 and 2019",{"_key":5405,"_type":12,"id":5405,"marks":5406,"text":1094},"a4c8e4834dc8",[5407],"2e066ae867ab",[],[5410,5428,5454],{"_key":5391,"_type":4415,"content":5411,"id":5391},[5412],{"_key":5413,"_type":8,"children":5414,"markDefs":5427,"style":24},"fed1a94ec813",[5415,5419,5423],{"_key":5416,"_type":12,"marks":5417,"text":5418},"f22e5181233e",[],"Moor, H., Bergamini, A., Vorburger, C., Holderegger, R., Bühler, C., Egger, S., & Schmidt, B. R. (2022). Bending the curve: Simple but massive conservation action leads to landscape-scale recovery of amphibians. ",{"_key":5420,"_type":12,"marks":5421,"text":5422},"0ebf944051ff",[800],"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,",{"_key":5424,"_type":12,"marks":5425,"text":5426},"91aa9d5e15be",[]," 119(42), e2123070119.",[],{"_key":5399,"_type":4415,"content":5429,"id":5399},[5430],{"_key":5431,"_type":8,"children":5432,"markDefs":5453,"style":24},"bfe9ad5899ab",[5433,5437,5441,5445,5449],{"_key":5434,"_type":12,"marks":5435,"text":5436},"b65617391fb2",[],"Oertli, B., & Parris, K. M. (2019) Review: Towards management of urban ponds for freshwater biodiversity. ",{"_key":5438,"_type":12,"marks":5439,"text":5440},"b115c4533897",[800],"Ecosphere ",{"_key":5442,"_type":12,"marks":5443,"text":5444},"e749a336b144",[],"10(7), e02810; Moor, H., Bergamini, A., Vorburger, C., Holderegger, R., Bühler, C., Bircher, N., & Schmidt, B. R. (2024). Building pondscapes for amphibian metapopulations. ",{"_key":5446,"_type":12,"marks":5447,"text":5448},"1197288b9c70",[800],"Conservation Biology",{"_key":5450,"_type":12,"marks":5451,"text":5452},"eed064e3c31d",[],", 38(6), e14165.",[],{"_key":5407,"_type":4415,"content":5455,"id":5407},[5456],{"_key":5457,"_type":8,"children":5458,"markDefs":5468,"style":24},"53886c4f4964",[5459,5462,5465],{"_key":5460,"_type":12,"marks":5461,"text":5418},"253e94eaaa70",[],{"_key":5463,"_type":12,"marks":5464,"text":5422},"7b01fcfb843f",[800],{"_key":5466,"_type":12,"marks":5467,"text":5426},"46882f3b5b02",[],[],{"_key":5470,"_type":4674,"caption":5471,"captionPosition":4684,"imagePrint":174,"imageWeb":5480,"markDefs":174,"pdfLayout":4725,"pdfRotate":128,"counter":5518},"af122dccf26e",[5472],{"_key":5473,"_type":8,"children":5474,"markDefs":5479,"style":24},"95c5df42db19",[5475],{"_key":5476,"_type":12,"marks":5477,"text":5478},"b4515fc7cc75",[],"A satellite image showing some ponds in Rheintal in the canton of Aargau. 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Ensuring suitable terrestrial habitat for pond-breeding amphibians, and a landscape that allows for safe and effective movement between breeding and non-breeding habitats and among different ponds will also be necessary for the success of a constructed urban pondscape as an amphibian-conservation strategy.",[],[5536],{"_key":5529,"_type":4415,"content":5537,"id":5529},[5538],{"_key":5539,"_type":8,"children":5540,"markDefs":5550,"style":24},"928239f4a317",[5541,5545],{"_key":5542,"_type":12,"marks":5543,"text":5544},"e9f24b983ad2",[],"See ",{"_key":5546,"_type":12,"marks":5547,"text":5549},"c0a34cc71348",[5548],"b5be20059bab","https://karch-ge.ch/222-etangs/",[5551],{"_key":5548,"_type":90,"href":5549,"linkType":92,"title":5549},{"_key":5553,"_type":8,"children":5554,"glossarDefs":5559,"id":5553,"markDefs":5560,"style":16},"f4b3a5e5d624",[5555],{"_key":5556,"_type":12,"marks":5557,"text":5558},"2c5c7f7b78b2",[],"3. Respect the water, Part I: Flows and their power",[],[],{"_key":5562,"_type":8,"children":5563,"containsGlossar":128,"glossarDefs":5592,"markDefs":5593,"style":24},"eceb100d51a2",[5564,5568,5572,5576,5580,5584,5588],{"_key":5565,"_type":12,"marks":5566,"text":5567},"ca16216258ac",[],"Anyone who has witnessed a flood can attest to the power of flowing water. During floods the amphibious urban is at its most destructive, and water is likely to be viewed as an enemy rather than as an ally or integral part of the urban environment. Many cities around the world are built near the ocean or on floodplains – which are, by definition, at least occasionally inundated with flood waters from a stream or river. With climate change, sea levels are rising and the intensity of storms is increasing, thereby increasing the risk of more frequent and severe urban floods",{"_key":5569,"_type":12,"id":5569,"marks":5570,"text":1094},"29d5fb166637",[5571],"8a6bce60e595",{"_key":5573,"_type":12,"marks":5574,"text":5575},"f14c686326e8",[]," Floods in cities can result from coastal flooding associated with heavy rainfall and storm surge (when a low-pressure system such as a cyclone or hurricane leads to a temporary increase in sea level), from riverine flooding, from overwhelmed stormwater systems, or a combination of these",{"_key":5577,"_type":12,"id":5577,"marks":5578,"text":1094},"04d69e02c915",[5579],"03106c14cd13",{"_key":5581,"_type":12,"marks":5582,"text":5583},"e4dceed463d9",[]," The incursion of seawater into coastal freshwater bodies (e.g., due to a storm-surge event or a long-term sea-level rise) increases their salinity, and depending on the volume and extent of the incursion, may reduce their suitability as habitat for amphibians. Most frog and salamander species cannot tolerate high levels of salinity as larvae or adults",{"_key":5585,"_type":12,"id":5585,"marks":5586,"text":1094},"609aa5882a45",[5587],"1de7e9753fa2",{"_key":5589,"_type":12,"marks":5590,"text":5591},"f631ddf1b3a5",[]," Thus, the expectation of higher sea levels around the world in the coming decades will reduce the suitable habitat for amphibians living in near-coastal habitats and low-lying areas further inland.",[],[5594,5644,5668],{"_key":5571,"_type":4415,"content":5595,"id":5571},[5596],{"_key":5597,"_type":8,"children":5598,"markDefs":5641,"style":24},"6b64962f1a04",[5599,5603,5607,5611,5616,5620,5624,5628,5632,5636],{"_key":5600,"_type":12,"marks":5601,"text":5602},"21cb6a0942b8",[],"Dharmarathne, G., Waduge, A. O., Bogahawaththa, M., Rathnayake, U., & Meddage, D. P. P. (2024). Adapting cities to the surge: A comprehensive review of climate-induced urban flooding. ",{"_key":5604,"_type":12,"marks":5605,"text":5606},"dab65930d016",[800],"Results in Engineering",{"_key":5608,"_type":12,"marks":5609,"text":5610},"eebe2a285be9",[],", 22, 102123. ",{"_key":5612,"_type":12,"marks":5613,"text":5615},"f8db7aafb466",[5614],"593b9f7df414","https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2024.102123",{"_key":5617,"_type":12,"marks":5618,"text":5619},"bddbea198343",[],"; Larsen, A. N., Gregersen, I. B., Christensen, O. B., Linde, J. J., & Mikkelsen, P. S. (2009). Potential future increase in extreme one-hour precipitation events over Europe due to climate change. ",{"_key":5621,"_type":12,"marks":5622,"text":5623},"ed99932984f2",[800],"Water Science and Technology",{"_key":5625,"_type":12,"marks":5626,"text":5627},"b6bc7244322e",[],", 60(9), 2205–2216; Sun, X., Li., R., Shan, X, Xu, H., & Wang, J. (2021). Assessment of climate change impacts and urban flood management schemes in central Shanghai. ",{"_key":5629,"_type":12,"marks":5630,"text":5631},"ef7432a64532",[800],"International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction",{"_key":5633,"_type":12,"marks":5634,"text":5635},"fe45367aee70",[],", 65, 102563. ",{"_key":5637,"_type":12,"marks":5638,"text":5640},"2e5e89a963f9",[5639],"1a1cb19d333d","https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2021.102563",[5642,5643],{"_key":5614,"_type":90,"href":5615,"linkType":92,"title":5615},{"_key":5639,"_type":90,"href":5640,"linkType":92,"title":5640},{"_key":5579,"_type":4415,"content":5645,"id":5579},[5646],{"_key":5647,"_type":8,"children":5648,"markDefs":5666,"style":24},"eaa45a586982",[5649,5653,5657,5661],{"_key":5650,"_type":12,"marks":5651,"text":5652},"019448f948c0",[],"Cea, L., & Costabile, P. (2022). Flood risk in urban areas: Modelling, management and adaptation to climate change. A review. ",{"_key":5654,"_type":12,"marks":5655,"text":5656},"88733b7960a1",[800],"Hydrology,",{"_key":5658,"_type":12,"marks":5659,"text":5660},"5097b9aa907b",[]," 9(3), 50. 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This may mean that some parts of a city where flooding used to be sufficiently minor and infrequent to be manageable become places that can no longer support residential or commercial buildings. It may mean that roads, housing and other infrastructure adjacent to the coast must be abandoned, and changed zoning applied to ensure that new structures are built in areas that are protected from storm surge and ongoing sea-level rise. It may mean returning to housing designs such as the classic ‘Queenslander’ from northern Australia, built on stilts to survive frequent floods. ",[],[],{"_key":5693,"_type":5694,"caption":5695,"images":5704,"markDefs":174,"counter":5768},"65ee4e16ef30","slideshowArticle",[5696],{"_key":5697,"_type":8,"children":5698,"markDefs":5703,"style":24},"e44982640902",[5699],{"_key":5700,"_type":12,"marks":5701,"text":5702},"fad753e53b70",[],"Pile dwellings are structures that are built on sticks. 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urban design and the related concept of ‘",{"_key":5776,"_type":12,"id":5776,"marks":5777,"text":5779},"213bb9ad02b6",[5778],"underline","sponge cities",{"_key":5781,"_type":12,"id":5781,"marks":5782,"text":5784},"54014d55ff55",[5778,5783],"9522096fb1fa","’",{"_key":5786,"_type":12,"marks":5787,"text":5788},"959ae820e144",[]," must come to the fore, working to reduce urban runoff during rainfall events and to channel excess stormwater to holding basins, ponds, above- and below-ground tanks and other structures",{"_key":5790,"_type":12,"id":5790,"marks":5791,"text":1094},"941d4a5426ba",[5792],"8df4cbadd8c4",{"_key":5794,"_type":12,"marks":5795,"text":5796},"a3af30c9369e",[]," The flood-protection value of natural systems such as permeable catchments, natural streams, riparian vegetation, mangroves and coastal dunes must be better recognized by the professions that plan and manage our cities. Furthermore, these assets must be better protected and/or restored where they have been destroyed by urbanisation.",[],[5799,5823],{"_key":5783,"_type":4415,"content":5800,"id":5783},[5801],{"_key":5802,"_type":8,"children":5803,"markDefs":5821,"style":24},"8da5138c34d5",[5804,5808,5812,5816],{"_key":5805,"_type":12,"marks":5806,"text":5807},"8f51938b233d",[],"Li, H., Ding, L., Ren, M., Li, C., & Wang, H. (2017). Sponge city construction in China: A survey of the challenges and opportunities. ",{"_key":5809,"_type":12,"marks":5810,"text":5811},"b9e868470c18",[800],"Water",{"_key":5813,"_type":12,"marks":5814,"text":5815},"b10ae52fe9cf",[],", 9(9), 594. ",{"_key":5817,"_type":12,"marks":5818,"text":5820},"b7266657ae63",[5819],"2eb71a4d80de","https://doi.org/10.3390/w9090594",[5822],{"_key":5819,"_type":90,"href":5820,"linkType":92,"title":5820},{"_key":5792,"_type":4415,"content":5824,"id":5792},[5825],{"_key":5826,"_type":8,"children":5827,"markDefs":5839,"style":24},"230f7272b0e2",[5828,5831,5835],{"_key":5829,"_type":12,"marks":5830,"text":5041},"99d70e4993d1",[],{"_key":5832,"_type":12,"marks":5833,"text":5834},"d34446c8a674",[800],"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment",{"_key":5836,"_type":12,"marks":5837,"text":5838},"3143f05d2c84",[],", 5(11), 789-801.",[],{"_key":5841,"_type":8,"children":5842,"glossarDefs":5847,"id":5841,"markDefs":5848,"style":16},"9c20867b6437",[5843],{"_key":5844,"_type":12,"marks":5845,"text":5846},"a16deaf69f67",[],"4. Respect the water, Part II: Protect wetlands from sensory pollution",[],[],{"_key":5850,"_type":8,"children":5851,"containsGlossar":128,"glossarDefs":5892,"markDefs":5893,"style":24},"81e94f2b2a0a",[5852,5856,5860,5864,5868,5872,5876,5880,5884,5888],{"_key":5853,"_type":12,"marks":5854,"text":5855},"47ba687a7243",[],"Earlier, I discussed chemical pollution in urban wetlands as a significant problem for amphibians and other freshwater wildlife, via its lethal or sub-lethal effects on biological fitness. A chemical pollutant can also act as a sensory pollutant, which is defined as a substance or phenomenon that affects the sensory perception of animals, plants or fungi",{"_key":5857,"_type":12,"id":5857,"marks":5858,"text":1094},"3d3f7a42e137",[5859],"6edb4c204c7a",{"_key":5861,"_type":12,"marks":5862,"text":5863},"7249ac39ed99",[]," Many chemical pollutants interfere with an animal’s sense of smell or taste, thereby disrupting chemical communication within and between species",{"_key":5865,"_type":12,"id":5865,"marks":5866,"text":1094},"bdc80ec386fd",[5867],"8109a7275e84",{"_key":5869,"_type":12,"marks":5870,"text":5871},"c49b63b76db6",[]," For example, in an experimental study, low concentrations of the heavy metal copper and the insecticide imidacloprid changed the behaviour of tadpoles by reducing their sensitivity to the scent of predators",{"_key":5873,"_type":12,"id":5873,"marks":5874,"text":1094},"06b438627892",[5875],"f66f371b1265",{"_key":5877,"_type":12,"marks":5878,"text":5879},"db269872083a",[]," If a tadpole cannot smell a nearby predator, it will not move to avoid it, leading to an increased risk of predation. Artificial light at night (ALAN; also known as light pollution) disrupts natural cycles of light and dark, affects the transmission of visual signals, and has complex impacts on the physiology, behaviour, survival and reproduction of plants and animals",{"_key":5881,"_type":12,"id":5881,"marks":5882,"text":1094},"e101a7f84fca",[5883],"5930ee6f0209",{"_key":5885,"_type":12,"marks":5886,"text":5887},"ef5a0cc96502",[]," In amphibians, known effects of ALAN exposure include changes to foraging behaviour as larvae and as adults, changes to reproductive behaviour as adults, and disruption of physiological processes including hormonal regulation and levels of oxidative stress",{"_key":5889,"_type":12,"id":5889,"marks":5890,"text":1094},"bb4250cc9e6f",[5891],"db5e8eec82c8",[],[5894,5920,5938,5956,5988],{"_key":5859,"_type":4415,"content":5895,"id":5859},[5896],{"_key":5897,"_type":8,"children":5898,"markDefs":5919,"style":24},"ffc2bb0b5a6a",[5899,5903,5907,5911,5915],{"_key":5900,"_type":12,"marks":5901,"text":5902},"05f6884f0637",[],"Halfwerk, W., & Slabbekoorn, H. (2015). Pollution going multimodal: the complex impact of the human-altered sensory environment on animal perception and performance. ",{"_key":5904,"_type":12,"marks":5905,"text":5906},"1e66b1bf0822",[800],"Biology Letters,",{"_key":5908,"_type":12,"marks":5909,"text":5910},"276f4a17016e",[]," 11(4), 20141051; Parris, K. M. (2019). Sensory pollution and the biodiversity crisis. ",{"_key":5912,"_type":12,"marks":5913,"text":5914},"9c7c0b24479f",[800],"The Ecological Citizen",{"_key":5916,"_type":12,"marks":5917,"text":5918},"0b7ec5d7dd4a",[],", 3 (Suppl. A), 55–57.",[],{"_key":5867,"_type":4415,"content":5921,"id":5867},[5922],{"_key":5923,"_type":8,"children":5924,"markDefs":5937,"style":24},"f4d427b8611d",[5925,5929,5933],{"_key":5926,"_type":12,"marks":5927,"text":5928},"35693ccda4ba",[],"Lürling, M., & Scheffer, M. (2007). Info-disruption: pollution and the transfer of chemical information between organisms. ",{"_key":5930,"_type":12,"marks":5931,"text":5932},"aa459df36b2e",[800],"Trends in Ecology & Evolution",{"_key":5934,"_type":12,"marks":5935,"text":5936},"450aff0657fc",[],", 22(7), 374–379.",[],{"_key":5875,"_type":4415,"content":5939,"id":5875},[5940],{"_key":5941,"_type":8,"children":5942,"markDefs":5955,"style":24},"f5df592d159b",[5943,5947,5951],{"_key":5944,"_type":12,"marks":5945,"text":5946},"a283ac0d15b9",[],"Sievers, M. K., Hale, R., Swearer S. E. & Parris K. M. (2018b). Contaminant mixtures interact to impair predator-avoidance behaviours and survival in a larval amphibian. ",{"_key":5948,"_type":12,"marks":5949,"text":5950},"0dbd7d006dac",[800],"Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety",{"_key":5952,"_type":12,"marks":5953,"text":5954},"4a50e3083b22",[],", 161, 482–488.",[],{"_key":5883,"_type":4415,"content":5957,"id":5883},[5958],{"_key":5959,"_type":8,"children":5960,"markDefs":5986,"style":24},"dc1e485f7adc",[5961,5965,5969,5973,5977,5981],{"_key":5962,"_type":12,"marks":5963,"text":5964},"7bf923dfd6a6",[],"Gaston, K. J., Duffy, J. P., Gaston, S., Bennie, J., & Davies, T. W. (2104). Human alteration of natural light cycles: Causes and ecological consequences. ",{"_key":5966,"_type":12,"marks":5967,"text":5968},"f3d635027216",[800],"Oecologia",{"_key":5970,"_type":12,"marks":5971,"text":5972},"66499ba76be0",[],", 176, 917–931; Gaston, K. J., Visser, M. E., & Holker, F. (2015). The biological impacts of artificial light at night: The research challenge. ",{"_key":5974,"_type":12,"marks":5975,"text":5976},"a747a7172c00",[800],"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B",{"_key":5978,"_type":12,"marks":5979,"text":5980},"40294027bc89",[],", 370, 20140133. ",{"_key":5982,"_type":12,"marks":5983,"text":5985},"2f3d915e9e07",[5984],"435a1fe38d81","http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2014.0133",[5987],{"_key":5984,"_type":90,"href":5985,"linkType":92,"title":5985},{"_key":5891,"_type":4415,"content":5989,"id":5891},[5990],{"_key":5991,"_type":8,"children":5992,"markDefs":6006,"style":24},"d3d907ecc069",[5993,5997,6001],{"_key":5994,"_type":12,"marks":5995,"text":5996},"8518384a1516",[],"Prokić, M. D., Gavrilović, B. R., Gavrić, J. P., Despotović, S. G., Radovanović, T. B., & Petrović, T. G. (2025). Amphibians under artificial light at night: Current knowledge, conservation challenges and future directions. ",{"_key":5998,"_type":12,"marks":5999,"text":6000},"d0bb83a09af0",[800],"Preprint: available at ",{"_key":6002,"_type":12,"marks":6003,"text":6005},"8f3198baccdd",[800,6004],"20e3dc5a6c05","http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5547299",[6007],{"_key":6004,"_type":90,"href":6005,"linkType":92,"title":6005},{"_key":6009,"_type":8,"children":6010,"containsGlossar":128,"glossarDefs":6039,"markDefs":6040,"style":24},"cf96feeac365",[6011,6015,6019,6023,6027,6031,6035],{"_key":6012,"_type":12,"marks":6013,"text":6014},"60f1084f2d12",[],"Human-generated noise from road traffic, air traffic, industry and construction interferes with acoustic communication in many groups of animals, including frogs, birds, mammals, fish and soniferous insects",{"_key":6016,"_type":12,"id":6016,"marks":6017,"text":1094},"7f69e7b06b3e",[6018],"b6c28c0ba56d",{"_key":6020,"_type":12,"marks":6021,"text":6022},"22a17bf7cd22",[]," Anthropogenic noise can also cause behavioural changes, increased levels of physiological stress, and reduced breeding success. Most studies on the biotic effects of anthropogenic noise have focused on birds (in the terrestrial realm) and mammals such as dolphins and whales (in the marine realm), with a relatively small body of work focusing on amphibians and freshwater environments more generally. Noise from road and air traffic is known to interfere with acoustic communication in frogs, reducing the distance over which a male’s call can be detected by females",{"_key":6024,"_type":12,"id":6024,"marks":6025,"text":1094},"b2cbc11f5a08",[6026],"4c8633401026",{"_key":6028,"_type":12,"marks":6029,"text":6030},"74328443f500",[]," Frogs show a strong relationship between body size and call frequency (pitch): larger frogs have lower-pitched calls that are expected to experience greater acoustic interference in urban noise than the higher-pitched calls of smaller frogs, because the former overlaps more with the dominant frequency bands of the background noise",{"_key":6032,"_type":12,"id":6032,"marks":6033,"text":1094},"ff3125c8de40",[6034],"111309a2e6c6",{"_key":6036,"_type":12,"marks":6037,"text":6038},"c22bbaa160fe",[]," This could, in theory, lead to selection pressure for smaller males in urban frog populations, as their calls would be easier to detect than those of larger frogs. However, the impacts of urban noise on individual fitness, breeding success, evolution and population-level persistence of frogs remain poorly understood.",[],[6041,6069,6095],{"_key":6026,"_type":4415,"content":6042,"id":6026},[6043],{"_key":6044,"_type":8,"children":6045,"markDefs":6067,"style":24},"b8ad8ede5857",[6046,6050,6054,6058,6063],{"_key":6047,"_type":12,"marks":6048,"text":6049},"2126c94233a4",[],"Swanson, E.M., Bee, M (2007). Do female frogs exploit inadvertent social information to locate breeding aggregations? ",{"_key":6051,"_type":12,"marks":6052,"text":6053},"8a3cc78ec6cd",[800],"Canadian Journal of Zoology",{"_key":6055,"_type":12,"marks":6056,"text":6057},"c8ce92d56727",[],", 85(9), 921–932. ",{"_key":6059,"_type":12,"marks":6060,"text":6062},"798388ee9b90",[6061],"f987b5182d45","http://doi.org/10.1139/Z07-074",{"_key":6064,"_type":12,"marks":6065,"text":6066},"861fdb8fcb00",[]," ",[6068],{"_key":6061,"_type":90,"href":6062,"linkType":92,"title":6062},{"_key":6018,"_type":4415,"content":6070,"id":6018},[6071],{"_key":6072,"_type":8,"children":6073,"markDefs":6094,"style":24},"d735ea2ef99a",[6074,6078,6082,6086,6090],{"_key":6075,"_type":12,"marks":6076,"text":6077},"47b691465072",[],"Kight, C. R., & Swaddle, J. P. (2011). How and why environmental noise impacts animals: An integrative, mechanistic review. ",{"_key":6079,"_type":12,"marks":6080,"text":6081},"7f0cfe185af5",[800],"Ecology Letters",{"_key":6083,"_type":12,"marks":6084,"text":6085},"8c77e2570efc",[],", 14, 10521061; Shannon, G., McKenna, M. F., Angeloni, L. M., Crooks, K. R., Fristrup, K. M., Brown, E., Warner, K. A., Nelson, M. D., White, C., Briggs, J., McFarland S., & Wittemyer, G. (2016). A synthesis of two decades of research documenting the effects of noise on wildlife. ",{"_key":6087,"_type":12,"marks":6088,"text":6089},"3b3de1f8008d",[800],"Biological Reviews",{"_key":6091,"_type":12,"marks":6092,"text":6093},"ca5c0b72068d",[],", 91, 982–1005.",[],{"_key":6034,"_type":4415,"content":6096,"id":6034},[6097],{"_key":6098,"_type":8,"children":6099,"markDefs":6117,"style":24},"a64a49b05342",[6100,6104,6108,6112],{"_key":6101,"_type":12,"marks":6102,"text":6103},"9b4d662a669d",[],"Hamer, A.J., Parris K. (2013). Predation Modifies Larval Amphibian Communities in Urban Wetlands. ",{"_key":6105,"_type":12,"marks":6106,"text":6107},"6572701afe5e",[800],"Wetlands",{"_key":6109,"_type":12,"marks":6110,"text":6111},"f1c64ce468d9",[],", 33: 641–652. ",{"_key":6113,"_type":12,"marks":6114,"text":6116},"9d3c09cc4cb7",[6115],"a750ded24752","http://doi.org/10.1007/s13157-013-0420-2",[6118],{"_key":6115,"_type":90,"href":6116,"linkType":92,"title":6116},{"_key":6120,"_type":8,"children":6121,"glossarDefs":6126,"markDefs":6127,"style":4470},"898f3955a174",[6122],{"_key":6123,"_type":12,"marks":6124,"text":6125},"36863651b194",[],"Noise from road and air traffic is known to interfere with acoustic communication in frogs, reducing the distance over a which a male’s call can be detected by females.",[],[],{"_key":6129,"_type":8,"children":6130,"containsGlossar":128,"glossarDefs":6167,"markDefs":6168,"style":24},"fdfc7e191cad",[6131,6135,6139,6143,6147,6151,6155,6159,6163],{"_key":6132,"_type":12,"marks":6133,"text":6134},"0f01ee09410a",[],"In cities, many sensory pollutants can occur together in space and time – for example, at an urban wetland located near a busy, noisy road, which receives stormwater runoff polluted with a range of chemicals, and is lit all night by streetlamps (Parris, 2019). However, little is known about how the cocktail of these various sensory pollutants may work together to affect different sensory modes in more-than-human species",{"_key":6136,"_type":12,"id":6136,"marks":6137,"text":1094},"6868dcc278dd",[6138],"d82cc2378ace",{"_key":6140,"_type":12,"marks":6141,"text":6142},"26832f27c5e5",[]," A conceptually simple solution to this problem would be to protect ",{"_key":6144,"_type":12,"id":6144,"marks":6145,"text":6146},"e963521030fb",[5778],"urban wetlands ",{"_key":6148,"_type":12,"marks":6149,"text":6150},"9b7b07cafc01",[],"and their inhabitants from sensory pollution. But given the scale of this task and the centrality of stormwater ponds to many urban water management approaches, a more realistic approach is to separate wetlands designed to support wildlife from those designed to intercept pollutants: we need to abandon the notion that a single pond can perform both tasks effectively. Ponds that contain high levels of pollutants could be made less attractive to wildlife through various methods, depending on the habitat preferences of the species in question, or fenced off to prevent wildlife access",{"_key":6152,"_type":12,"id":6152,"marks":6153,"text":1094},"7395f00053b9",[6154],"8f66a453bb78",{"_key":6156,"_type":12,"marks":6157,"text":6158},"ced3fb53c242",[]," Combined with the creation of ponds specifically for wildlife (as discussed above), this would help to reduce the exposure of amphibians, fish and freshwater macroinvertebrates to chemical sensory pollutants in cities. Ideally, ponds for wildlife would also be situated in darker, quieter areas of a city that receive minimal artificial light at night and minimal anthropogenic noise. To assist with the latter requirement, construction of sound barriers to protect more-than-human urban dwellers from road traffic noise would be a good step forward",{"_key":6160,"_type":12,"id":6160,"marks":6161,"text":1094},"8de14b661f90",[6162],"f07b061f0ce3",{"_key":6164,"_type":12,"marks":6165,"text":6166},"9165b556a78b",[]," At the time of writing, only humans receive legislated protection from excessive road noise in many parts of the world. Air traffic noise is harder to mitigate, so areas located away from the flight paths of major airports would be preferable sites for the construction of ponds for wildlife.",[],[6169,6209,6226],{"_key":6138,"_type":4415,"content":6170,"id":6138},[6171],{"_key":6172,"_type":8,"children":6173,"markDefs":6207,"style":24},"7e3a756286b5",[6174,6178,6182,6186,6190,6194,6198,6202],{"_key":6175,"_type":12,"marks":6176,"text":6177},"2b1e5133d394",[],"[1] Halfwerk, W., & Slabbekoorn, H. (2015). Pollution going multimodal: the complex impact of the human-altered sensory environment on animal perception and performance. ",{"_key":6179,"_type":12,"marks":6180,"text":6181},"63bf6f3eb8d9",[800],"Biology Letters",{"_key":6183,"_type":12,"marks":6184,"text":6185},"ee0fa803e995",[],", 11(4), 20141051; Hale, R., Piggott, J. J., & Swearer, S. E. (2017). Describing and understanding behavioral responses to multiple stressors and multiple stimuli. ",{"_key":6187,"_type":12,"marks":6188,"text":6189},"fe686f8fdc9b",[800],"Ecology and Evolution,",{"_key":6191,"_type":12,"marks":6192,"text":6193},"4e218e7fe732",[]," 7(1), 38–47; Cronin, A. D., Zilber, R., Jerem, P., & Halfwerk, W. (2025). Noise pollution and artificial light at night alter selection pressures on sexual signals in an urban adapter. ",{"_key":6195,"_type":12,"marks":6196,"text":6197},"2bde391cda92",[800],"Journal of Evolutionary Biology",{"_key":6199,"_type":12,"marks":6200,"text":6201},"fc2a592029e8",[],", 38(10), 1410–1420. ",{"_key":6203,"_type":12,"marks":6204,"text":6206},"f635f2bc92dd",[6205],"f92c71a35966","https://doi.org/10.1093/jeb/voaf092",[6208],{"_key":6205,"_type":90,"href":6206,"linkType":92,"title":6206},{"_key":6154,"_type":4415,"content":6210,"id":6154},[6211],{"_key":6212,"_type":8,"children":6213,"markDefs":6225,"style":24},"f8bfd6967ec4",[6214,6218,6221],{"_key":6215,"_type":12,"marks":6216,"text":6217},"0772b5ff8486",[],"Hale, R., Piggott, J. J., & Swearer, S. E. (2017). Describing and understanding behavioral responses to multiple stressors and multiple stimuli. ",{"_key":6219,"_type":12,"marks":6220,"text":6189},"144af3fd523d",[800],{"_key":6222,"_type":12,"marks":6223,"text":6224},"956a05953a39",[]," 7(1), 38–47.",[],{"_key":6162,"_type":4415,"content":6227,"id":6162},[6228],{"_key":6229,"_type":8,"children":6230,"markDefs":6243,"style":24},"0d916850ca4c",[6231,6235,6239],{"_key":6232,"_type":12,"marks":6233,"text":6234},"61b248fb0612",[],"Parris, K. M. (2015) Ecological impacts of road noise and options for mitigation. Pp. 151–158 in van der Ree, R., Grilo, C. & Smith, D. (eds), ",{"_key":6236,"_type":12,"marks":6237,"text":6238},"085465967604",[800],"Handbook of Road Ecology",{"_key":6240,"_type":12,"marks":6241,"text":6242},"ffbf2156e854",[],". Wiley.",[],{"_key":6245,"_type":8,"children":6246,"glossarDefs":6251,"id":6245,"markDefs":6252,"style":4370},"6ca79b57f008",[6247],{"_key":6248,"_type":12,"marks":6249,"text":6250},"49ecec845637",[],"Multi-species justice in the city, or: Reimagining planning and design for an urban-amphibious future",[],[],{"_key":6254,"_type":8,"children":6255,"containsGlossar":128,"glossarDefs":6280,"markDefs":6281,"style":24},"f645a9f8a0b7",[6256,6260,6264,6268,6272,6276],{"_key":6257,"_type":12,"marks":6258,"text":6259},"9956f0acc8b0",[],"To whom do we afford justice? Historically, the idea of justice in Western thought has been linked to personhood, with the definition of a person originally prescribed to exclude the majority of human beings, including women, Indigenous people, and anybody who was not a white, property-owning, cisgender man",{"_key":6261,"_type":12,"id":6261,"marks":6262,"text":1094},"0c81292e6d51",[6263],"3935557b1ff1",{"_key":6265,"_type":12,"marks":6266,"text":6267},"9c0e2288cdeb",[]," Personhood – and therefore justice – certainly did not extend to members of other species, or to entities such as rivers, mountains or ecosystems (in contrast to the concept of personhood in many Indigenous knowledge systems)",{"_key":6269,"_type":12,"id":6269,"marks":6270,"text":1094},"ec196ce2fcb2",[6271],"5cdc378d3ba3",{"_key":6273,"_type":12,"marks":6274,"text":6275},"8f4b286ac0b3",[]," The philosophy of multi-species justice frames the more-than-human in cities as morally considerable and therefore deserving of justice. Urban planning, policy and governance need to move beyond their historical anthropocentrism if we are to create amphibious cities that are liveable for all: a place where all species and the ecosystems that support them can thrive",{"_key":6277,"_type":12,"id":6277,"marks":6278,"text":1094},"a889de35cb83",[6279],"4a4b94896b16",[],[6282,6309,6351],{"_key":6263,"_type":4415,"content":6283,"id":6263},[6284],{"_key":6285,"_type":8,"children":6286,"markDefs":6307,"style":24},"20584a6c1ac4",[6287,6291,6295,6299,6304],{"_key":6288,"_type":12,"marks":6289,"text":6290},"b78523b37781",[],"Celermajer, D., Chatterjee, S., Cochrane, A. et al. (2020). Justice through a multispecies lens. ",{"_key":6292,"_type":12,"marks":6293,"text":6294},"f258cb68e013",[800],"Contemporary Political Theory,",{"_key":6296,"_type":12,"marks":6297,"text":6298},"3fd5d5a95b63",[]," 19, 475–512. ",{"_key":6300,"_type":12,"marks":6301,"text":6303},"de97ca6edaa9",[6302],"813ba52415cd","https://doi.org/10.1057/s41296-020-00386-5",{"_key":6305,"_type":12,"marks":6306,"text":1094},"848377818fed",[],[6308],{"_key":6302,"_type":90,"href":6303,"linkType":92,"title":6303},{"_key":6271,"_type":4415,"content":6310,"id":6271},[6311],{"_key":6312,"_type":8,"children":6313,"markDefs":6348,"style":24},"743a02a86846",[6314,6318,6321,6324,6328,6332,6336,6340,6345],{"_key":6315,"_type":12,"marks":6316,"text":6317},"d1f1ea45193c",[],"[1] Celermajer, D., Chatterjee, S., Cochrane, A. et al. (2020). Justice through a multispecies lens. ",{"_key":6319,"_type":12,"marks":6320,"text":6294},"1d8609c615c6",[800],{"_key":6322,"_type":12,"marks":6323,"text":6298},"02fb10276e21",[],{"_key":6325,"_type":12,"marks":6326,"text":6303},"e2c76a86b2e8",[6327],"048d0a032294",{"_key":6329,"_type":12,"marks":6330,"text":6331},"4b38b959cc20",[]," Maller, C. (2021). 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Maller, C. (2018). ",{"_key":6488,"_type":12,"marks":6489,"text":6490},"4dd117d0c4e0",[800],"Healthy urban environments: More-than-human theories.",{"_key":6492,"_type":12,"marks":6493,"text":6494},"6b64ca0da3eb",[]," Routledge; Parris, K. M., Amati, M., Bekessy, S. A., Dagenais, D., Fryd, O., Hahs, A. K., Hes, D., et al. (2018). The seven lamps of planning for biodiversity in the city. ",{"_key":6496,"_type":12,"marks":6497,"text":6335},"4b55b666fb82",[800],{"_key":6499,"_type":12,"marks":6500,"text":6501},"4a21f10c7908",[],", 83, 44–53. ",{"_key":6503,"_type":12,"marks":6504,"text":4554},"8ecb19058490",[6505],"c3d0cb226105",{"_key":6507,"_type":12,"marks":6508,"text":6509},"0d1f17b8e4af",[],"; Garrard, G. E., Williams, N. S., Mata, L., Thomas, J., & Bekessy, S. A. (2018). Biodiversity sensitive urban design. 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",{"_key":6561,"_type":12,"marks":6562,"text":6563},"f96ca44aa44c",[800],"IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science",{"_key":6565,"_type":12,"marks":6566,"text":6567},"5d144e98579c",[],", 1447, 012015. ",{"_key":6569,"_type":12,"marks":6570,"text":6572},"32b0d3fd2d2b",[6571],"d5dda4695740","https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1447/1/012015",[6574],{"_key":6571,"_type":90,"href":6572,"linkType":92,"title":6572},{"_key":6463,"_type":4415,"content":6576,"id":6463},[6577],{"_key":6578,"_type":8,"children":6579,"markDefs":6622,"style":24},"fd53cf61c129",[6580,6584,6588,6592,6597,6601,6605,6609,6613,6617],{"_key":6581,"_type":12,"marks":6582,"text":6583},"f576acaaca00",[],"Costanza, R., de Groot, R., Sutton, P., van der Ploeg, S., Anderson, S. J., Kubiszewski, I., et al. (2014). Changes in the global value of ecosystem services. ",{"_key":6585,"_type":12,"marks":6586,"text":6587},"c4e9c99d5e3a",[800],"Global Environmental Change",{"_key":6589,"_type":12,"marks":6590,"text":6591},"cd7629a3b629",[],", 26, 152–158. ",{"_key":6593,"_type":12,"marks":6594,"text":6596},"2c0c5351480e",[6595],"0a033eed9130","https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2014.04.002",{"_key":6598,"_type":12,"marks":6599,"text":6600},"9c26212935f8",[],"; Gómez-Baggethun, E., & Barton, D. N. (2013). Classifying and valuing ecosystem services for urban planning. ",{"_key":6602,"_type":12,"marks":6603,"text":6604},"5d1324b12c89",[800],"Ecological Economics",{"_key":6606,"_type":12,"marks":6607,"text":6608},"fb451da610d7",[],", 86, 235–245; Rashidi, P., Patil, S. D., Kuiper, J. J., Tenbrink, T., Perrin, J. A., Robin, et al. (2025). Stakeholder perspectives on pondscapes: A multinational analysis using storylines and the Nature Futures Framework. ",{"_key":6610,"_type":12,"marks":6611,"text":6612},"e879096e2ecd",[800],"Ecosystems and People",{"_key":6614,"_type":12,"marks":6615,"text":6616},"6dc317a58344",[],", 21(1). ",{"_key":6618,"_type":12,"marks":6619,"text":6621},"e848a5cb4f4e",[6620],"05f44d87ad37","https://doi.org/10.1080/26395916.2025.2570728",[6623,6624],{"_key":6595,"_type":90,"href":6596,"linkType":92,"title":6596},{"_key":6620,"_type":90,"href":6621,"linkType":92,"title":6621},{"_key":6471,"_type":4415,"content":6626,"id":6471},[6627],{"_key":6628,"_type":8,"children":6629,"markDefs":6663,"style":24},"259a641af312",[6630,6634,6638,6642,6646,6650,6654,6658],{"_key":6631,"_type":12,"marks":6632,"text":6633},"a250d6d197b3",[],"Shanahan, D. F., Lin, B. B., Bush, R., Gaston, K. J., Dean, J. H., Barber, E., & Fuller, R. A. (2015). Toward improved public health outcomes from urban nature. ",{"_key":6635,"_type":12,"marks":6636,"text":6637},"2f91ab6a4271",[800],"American Journal of Public Health,",{"_key":6639,"_type":12,"marks":6640,"text":6641},"2d05ccdccf85",[]," 105(3), 470–477; Georgiou, M., Morison, G., Smith, N., Tieges, Z., & Chastin, S. (2021). Mechanisms of impact of blue spaces on human health: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis. ",{"_key":6643,"_type":12,"marks":6644,"text":6645},"fea7a8b6cac8",[800],"International journal of environmental research and public health",{"_key":6647,"_type":12,"marks":6648,"text":6649},"9ceed9923a47",[],", 18(5), 2486; Jabbar, M., Yusoff, M. M., & Shafie, A. (2022). Assessing the role of urban green spaces for human well-being: a systematic review. ",{"_key":6651,"_type":12,"marks":6652,"text":6653},"0d1fa25d456a",[800],"GeoJournal",{"_key":6655,"_type":12,"marks":6656,"text":6657},"9e1cf3578b96",[],", 87(5), 4405–4423. 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